Fig. 1 Location of the study area and land cover in 1990 and 2020.
The government has established 11 national nature reserves and 54
provincial nature reserves in this area to protect biodiversity
resources. North China leopard is considered the top predator in their
range, as a result of large home ranges, Human-Leopard conflict has now
reached a new level of intensity. North China leopards often attack
livestock grazing in and around forest areas, where livestock keeping
overlaps with the leopard range. At present, North China leopards are
mainly distributed in several isolated protected areas supported by
camera trap surveys and other evidence (Fig. 2)
(Laguardia et al., 2017 ;Consolee et al., 2020 ).