Author Year Study Exposure measurement Outcomes
He et al. [48]
2020
meta-analysis (93 studies)
SHS exposure
the positive association between SHS exposure and doctor-diagnosed asthma in children (OR=1.24, 95% CI: 1.20; 1.28) prenatal exposure: OR=1.25, 95% CI: 1.16; 1.33 postnatal exposure: OR=1.24, 95% CI: 1.20; 1.28 maternal smoking during and after pregnancy: OR=1.38, 95% CI: 1.11; 1.65 exposure at different ages: 0-2 years old: OR=1.45, 95% CI: 1.24; 1.65 3-6 years old: OR=1.23, 95% CI: 1.16; 1.30 7-14 years old: OR=1.22, 95% CI: 1.14; 1.30 15-18 years old: OR=1.11, 95% CI: 0.91; 1.31
Thacher et al. [50] 2018 5 European birth cohort studies (n=10 860 participants) maternal smoking exposure to ≥10 cigarettes/day and early transient and persistent asthma: OR=2.07 (95% CI 1.60-2.68) and OR=1.66 (95% CI: 1.29; 2.15), respectively
Neuman et al. [49]
2012
8 European birth cohorts (n=21 600 children)
Maternal daily cigarette consumption
childhood asthma (OR=1.65, 95% CI: 1.18; 2.31)
Mitchell et al. [56]
2012
Cross-sectional study including 220 407 children (6-7 years of age) from 75 centres in 32 countries and 350 654 adolescents (13-14 years of age) from 118 centres in 53 countries
current paternal smoking
positive association between SHS exposure and asthma at different ages: 6-7 years old: OR=1.11, 95% CI: 1.06; 1.15 13-14 years old: OR=1.08, 95% CI: 1.04; 1.12 and with severe asthma symptoms 6-7 years old: OR=1.23, 95% CI: 1.16; 1.30 13-14 years old: OR=1.26, 95% CI: 1.20; 1.32 dose-response association between the amount currently smoked and the risk of asthma 1-9 cigarettes/day: OR=1.03, 95% CI: 0.97; 1.10 10-19 cigarettes/day: OR=1.11, 95% CI: 1.04; 1.18 ≥20 cigarettes/day: OR=1.18, 95% CI: 1.11; 1.26)
Harju et al. [57]
2016
Hospital-based birth retrospective observational birth cohort study including 39 306 women, delivering between 1989 and 2006
SHS exposure
risk of asthma among children when both parents smoked: OR=3.7, 95 % Cl: 3.2; 4.4 risk of asthma among children whose fathers smoke and mother quit during pregnancy: OR= 2.8, 95 % Cl: 2.3; 3.4
Miller et al. [58] 2014 Cross-sectional study Paternal smoking positive association between paternal smoking during puberty and asthma in children: OR=1.17, 95% CI: 0.97; 1.41
Wang et al. [53]
2015
Systematic review (n=25 studies)
SHS exposure
risk of hospitalization for asthma among children with asthma: OR=1.85, 95% CI: 1.20; 2.86 visits to emergency department or urgent care: OR=1.66, 95% CI: 1.02; 2.69 increased risk of wheezing: OR=1.32, 95% CI: 1.24; 1.41
Bayly et al. [59] 2019 school-based cross-sectional survey including 11 830 children (aged 11-17 years) SHS exposure to e-cigarettes positive association between SHS exposure to e-cigarettes and asthma attack in the past 12 months: OR=1.27, 95% CI: 1.11; 1.47
Alnajem et al. [60]
2020
school-based cross-sectional enrolling high school students (n=1565, aged 16-19 years)
SHS exposure to e-cigarettes
positive association between exposure to household SHS to e-cigarettes: current asthma: PR = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.13; 2.16 current uncontrolled asthma symptoms: PR = 1.88, 95% CI: 1.35; 2.62