Figure legends
Fig. 1 Comparison of reproductive output for heat-challenged males and those allowed to recover (Mean ± SE). Proportion of fertile males (A) measured as the fraction of males at least producing one offspring, the number of eggs laid after a single mating (B), the offspring number (C) and egg to adult survival (D). Males were allowed a single mating two-, four- or six- days after eclosion after having developed at (°C): 25 (circle symbol), black; 29 (triangle symbol), blue; or 31 (square symbol), orange. Males grown and kept after eclosion at the developmental temperature are shown as a solid line, while males allowed to recover (R) at 25°C after eclosion, are shown as a dashed line.
Fig. 2 Male mating behaviour and competitive success (Mean ± SE): proportion of males gaining a copulation (A), and their mating latencies (B). Mating latency of females remating with a competitor male (C), and proportion of offspring obtained by treatment males when defending their ejaculate against a second male (P1) (D). The results are shown according to the developmental temperature of first mating males. Males allowed to recover at 25°C after eclosion are represented with an “R”; otherwise, males were kept at the growth temperature after eclosion.
Fig. 3 Assessment of mature sperm presence in heat-challenged males (Mean ± SE): seminal vesicle (SV) size (A), and sperm presence in the vesicles (B) for two- and six- day old heat-challenged males. Between 14 to 16 males were measured for each day and temperature treatment; the mean of both SVs was used for each male for representing the SV size and sperm presence. Colored lines indicate the developmental temperature: 25 (circle symbol), black; 29 (triangle symbol), blue; or 31 (square symbol), orange. Males grown and kept after eclosion at the growth temperature are shown with a solid line while males allowed to recover (R) at 25°C after eclosion, are shown with a dashed line. Sperm viability in heat-challenged males (C): Percentage of alive sperm for six-day old control and 29°C recovery males. Portrayed is the temporal decrease in sperm viability, measured at three different time points: just after the staining (t0) as well as 15 (t15) and 30 (t30) minutes later. 21 males from each temperature treatment were used.
Fig. 4 Sexual maturation in accessory glands for heat-challenged males (Mean ± SE) (A) : Accessory gland size measures for one-, two-, four- and six-day old heat-challenged males. Between 15 to 26 males were measured for each day and temperature treatment. The mean of both accessory glands was used for each male. Colored lines indicate the developmental temperature (°C): 25 (circle symbol), black; 29 (triangle symbol), blue; or 31 (square symbol), orange. Males grown and kept after eclosion at the growth temperature are shown with a solid line while males allowed to recover (R) at 25°C, are shown with a dashed line.