APPENDIX B: MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS AND STATES
- Spinning field, position relative to anal tubercle:widely separated = 0; close = 1.
- Spinnerets, degree of separation: close, distance
between PMS bases less than or roughly even with width of anal
tubercle = 0; separated, distance between PMS distinctly wider than
width of anal tubercle = 1.Remarks: We differ from past analyses by discretizing this
character based specifically on the distance between the PMS relative
to the anal tubercle, to decrease ambiguity between states.
- Anterior lateral spinnerets: absent = 0; present = 1.
- Anterior lateral spinnerets, number of segments: two =
0; one = 1.
- Anterior lateral spinnerets, size relative to posterior
median spinnerets: smaller = 0; sub-equal = 1; larger = 2.
- Posterior median spinnerets: absent = 0; present = 1.
- Posterior median spinnerets, shape: digitiform = 0;
wide, obliquely triangular tips = 1.
- Posterior median spinnerets, australotheline crescent:absent = 0; present = 1.Remarks: The australotheline crescent is a crescent of hard
cuticle present in the soft, flexible tissue at the base of the
posterior median spinnerets, present in the Australian euagrinae andMasteria .
- Posterior lateral spinnerets, apical segment, shape:domed/triangular (length <1.5x width) = 0; digitiform
(length > 1.5–3x width) = 1.Remarks: We differ from past analyses by discretizing this
character based specifically on the length/width ratio of the segment
to decrease ambiguity between states. Some previous researchers have
separated “domed” and “triangular” spinnerets however we found the
boundary between these states ambiguous. If a genus is scored as
polymorphic, that indicates that it either includes species that fall
into each state (e.g., Aliatypus ), or that it falls on the
threshold between states (e.g., Illawarra ).
- Posterior lateral spinnerets, apical segment,
pseudosegmentation: absent = 0; present = 1.
- Posterior lateral spinnerets, total length: short, not
extending far behind abdomen, generally only apical segment visible
from dorsal view = 0; long, extending behind or curving dorsally
around abdomen, both apical and medial segments generally visible from
dorsal view = 1.Remarks: If a genus is scored as polymorphic, that indicates
that it either includes species that fall into each state (e.g.,Scotinoecus ), or that it falls on the threshold between states
(e.g., Entypesa ).
- Posterior lateral spinnerets, spigot distribution:spigots present on all three segments = 0; spigots absent from basal
segment = 1; spigots present only on apical segment = 2.
- Leg III, size relative to leg II: subequal = 0; leg III
thicker and equal or greater in length.Remarks: This is a modified version of the character
previously used by several authors relating to the larger size of the
posterior legs relative to the anterior legs in many burrowing
spiders. In practice, we found that this was ambiguous unless
discretized further.
- Leg III, tibia and metatarsus, spines: spines in
ventral series on both segments, almost as many ventral spines as on
other faces combined = 0; many more spines dorsally, on tibia ventral
spines absent or bristle-like, sometimes with few strong apical spines
= 1.
- Leg III, patella, thorn patch (>3 prodorsal
spines): absent = 0; present = 1.
- Leg III, tibia, excavation: absent = 0; present = 1.
- Leg III, tibia, excavation type: proximal excavation
only = 0; strongly sclerotised “saddle” = 1.Remarks: The ‘saddle’ is a strongly sclerotized, concave,
setae-less section of cuticle, positioned on proximal tibia III and
occupying over half the length of dorsal tibia III when present. This
state is only present in some halonoproctid genera (Conothele ,Ummidia , Hebestatis ). A demi-saddle is a much less
pronounced concavity at the proximal end of tibia III that is not
strongly sclerotized for descriptions and images of both the saddle
and demi-saddle states).
- Legs I and II, metatarsi, chaetotaxy type: only
bristle-like spines present, if strong spines are present they are
positioned ventrally = 0; with one or more series of strong “digging
spines” positioned laterally = 1.
- Legs I and/or II, chaetotaxy, strong, stiff spines,
type: relatively long, stiff lateral spines = 0; short, thorn-like
lateral spines = 1.Remarks: Most taxa have state 0, state 1 is markedly
different, with far more numerous, thorn-like spines, and is present
only in Halonoproctidae and Stasimopidae.
- Legs I and/or II, scopulae: absent = 0; present = 1.
- Legs I and/or II, tarsal spines: absent = 0; present =
1.
- Legs III and/or IV, scopulae: absent = 0; present = 1.
- Legs III and/or IV, tarsal spines: absent = 0; present
= 1.
- Tarsus I, claw tufts: absent = 0; present = 1.
- Tarsus I, superior tarsal claws, dentition reduction:claws with normal teeth = 0; claws with small teeth or denticles only
= 1; claws edentate = 2.
- Tarsus I, superior tarsal claws, teeth rows: one = 0;
two = 1.
- Tarsus I, superior tarsal claws, dentition type:several teeth in a row = 0; one proximal tooth, sometimes with
denticles = 1.Remarks: Not scored in taxa with reduced dentition
(Barychelidae).
- Tarsus I, inferior tarsal claw: absent = 0; present =
1.
- Tarsus I, inferior tarsal claw, dentition: edentate =
0; dentate = 1.
- Tarsus I, tarsal organ, shape: flattened = 0;
protruding, distally lobed = 1.Remarks: Not scored in taxa with reduced dentition
(Barychelidae).
- Legs, cuticle, pustules: absent = 0; present = 1.
- Eye group, maximum width: about 1/3 caput width = 0;
about 1/2 caput width or wider = 1.
- Eye group, AME and ALE relative position: AME advanced
of ALE = 0; AME and ALE roughly in line = 1; ALE advanced of AME = 2.
- Eye group, advanced ALE, type: ALEs only slightly to
moderately advanced, not contiguous = 0; ALEs far advanced and
contiguous = 1.
- Eye group, eye tubercle: absent = 0; present = 1.Remarks: We consider an eye tubercle to be a demarcated
raised section of the caput falling underneath at least two pairs of
eyes (i.e., not all eyes have to sit on the tubercle).
- Fovea, type: closed, longitudinal = 0; pit-like or
narrowly transverse and open = 1; closed, transverse = 2.Remarks: A closed longitudinal fovea is a simple longitudinal
crack, and is only present in some Atypoidea, and inMicrohexura . A closed transverse fovea is a closed crack
running laterally and is present in most genera. Some taxa have a
narrow, pit-like fovea that is difficult to place in either state 0 or
2, which we classify as state 1. In these taxa it is also generally
difficult to assess the curvature of the fovea (e.g., recurved,
straight, procurved).
- Fovea, closed and transverse, curvature: recurved = 0;
straight to procurved = 1.
- Sternum, shape: sternum edge in line with second coxa
parallel = 0; sternum edge in line with second coxa narrowing
anteriorly = 1.
- Sternum, posterior sigilla: absent = 0; present = 1.
- Sternum, posterior sigilla, position: inner-most point
of sigilla closer to sternum edge than median line = 0; inner-most
point of sigilla equidistant from sternum edge and median line = 1;
inner-most point of sigilla closer to median line than sternum edge =
2.
- Sternum, sigilla, fused: absent = 0; present = 1.
- Sternum, lateral sigilla: absent = 0; present = 1.
- Maxillae, serrula: absent = 0; present = 1.
- Maxillae, anterior lobe: unmodified or small = 0;
anteriorly produced and sharp = 1.Remarks: We found this character very difficult to discretize
but have included it due to its consistent use in previous datasets.
We scored several taxa not traditionally considered to possess a lobe
as state 1 or ambiguous if their lobe seemed comparable in size and
shape to those seen in Theraphosidae – a family consistently scored
as possessing produced lobes in previous datasets.
- Maxillae, cuspules: absent = 0; present = 1.
- Maxillae, cuspules, posterior extent: not extending
onto posterior heel = 0; extending onto posterior heel = 1.
- Maxillae, cuspules, lateral extent: confined to inner
quarter of maxilla length = 0; extending laterally beyond this = 1.
- Labium, shape: short (length/width <0.6) = 0;
intermediate (length/width between 0.6 and 0.9) = 1; long
(length/width >0.9) = 2.
- Labium, cuspules: absent = 0; present = 1.
- Labium, cuspules, number: few (<10); many
(≥10).
- Chelicerae, rastellum: absent = 0; present = 1.
- Chelicerae, rastellum, type: sessile = 0; on pronounced
mound = 1.
- Chelicerae, retrolateral row of teeth sub-equal in size
to teeth in prolateral row: absent = 0; present = 1.
- Chelicerae, fang, keels: absent = 0; present = 1.Remarks: Keels are two longitudinal ridges that run
longitudinally down the outer surface of the fangs.
- Abdomen, tergite(s): absent = 0; present = 1.