References:
1. Schena F, Francescato G, Cappelleri A, et al. Association between hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. J Pediatr . 2015;166(6):1488–1492
2. Noori S, McCoy M, Friedlich P, et al. Failure of ductus arteriosus closure is associated with increased mortality\ in preterm infants. Pediatrics . 2009;123(1). Available at: www. pediatrics. org/ cgi/ content/ full/ 123/ 1/ e138
3. Dollberg S, Lusky A, Reichman B. Patent ductus arteriosus, indomethacin and necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants: a populationbased study. J Pediatr GastroenterolNutr . 2005;40(2):184–188
4. Marshall DD, Kotelchuck M, Young TE, Bose CL, Kruyer L, O’Shea TM; North Carolina Neonatologists Association.Risk factors for chronic lung disease in the surfactant era: a North Carolina population-based study of very low birth weight infants. Pediatrics . 1999;104(6):1345–1350
5. Benitz WE. Treatment of persistent patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants: time to accept the null hypothesis? J Perinatol . 2010;30(4):241–252
6. Slaughter JL, Reagan PB, Bapat RV, Newman TB, Klebanoff MA. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory administration and patent ductus arteriosus ligation, a survey of practice preferences at US children’s hospitals. Eur J Ped
7. Stoll BJ, Hansen NI, Bell EF, Walsh MC, Carlo WA, Shankaran S, et al. Trends in Care Practices, Morbidity, and Mortality of Extremely Preterm Neonates, 1993-2012. JAMA. 2015;314:1039-51.
8. Walsh MC, Morris BH, Wrage LA, Vohr BR, Poole WK, Tyson JE, et al. Extremely low birthweight neonates with protracted ventilation: mortality and 18-month neurodevelopmental outcomes. The Journal of pediatrics. 2005;146:798-804.
9. Sant’Anna GM et al. Clin Perinatol 2012
10. Miller JD, Carlo WA. Pulmonary complications of mechanical ventilation in neonates. Clin Perinatol 2008;35:273–81.doi:10.1016/j.clp.2007.11.004
11. Gupta D, Greenberg RG, Sharma A, Natarajan G, Cotten M, Thomas R, Chawla S. A predictive model for extubation readiness in extremely preterm infants. J Perinatol. 2019 Dec;39(12):1663-1669. doi: 10.1038/s41372-019-0475-x. Epub 2019 Aug 27
12. Berger J, Mehta P, Bucholz E, et al. Impact of early extubation and reintubation on the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in neonates. Am J Perinatol 2014;31:1063–72.doi:10.1055/s-0034-1371702
13. Chawla S, Natarajan G, Shankaran S, Carper B, Brion LP, Keszler M, et al. Markers of Successful Extubation in Extremely Preterm Infants, and Morbidity After Failed Extubation. J Pediatr. 2017;189:113-9 e2.
14. Epstein SK, Ciubotaru RL, Wong JB. Effect of failed extubation on the outcome of mechanical ventilation. Chest. 1997;112:186-92.
15. Baisch SD, Wheeler WB, Kurachek SC, Cornfield DN. Extubation failure in pediatric intensive care incidence and outcomes. Pediatric critical care medicine 2005;6:312-8.
16. Hermeto F, Martins BM, Ramos JR, Bhering CA, Sant’Anna GM. Incidence and main risk factors associated with extubation failure in newborns with birth weight < 1,250 grams. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2009;85:397-402.
17. Hiremath GM, Mukhopadhyay K, Narang A. Clinical risk factors associated with extubation failure in ventilated neonates. Indian Pediatr. 2009 Oct;46(10):887-90. Epub 2009 Apr 1. PMID: 19430070.
18. Bohn DJ, James I, Filler RM, Ein SH, Wesson DE, Shandling B, et al. The relationship between PaCO2 and ventilation parameters in predicting survival in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg. 1984;19:666-71.
19. Ballard RA, Truog WE, Cnaan A, Martin RJ, Ballard PL, Merrill JD, et al. Inhaled nitric oxide in preterm infants undergoing mechanical ventilation. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:343-53.
20. Ballard JL, Khoury JC, Wedig K, Wang L, Eilers-Walsman BL, Lipp R. New Ballard Score, expanded to include extremely premature infants. J Pediatr. 1991;119:417-23.
Table 1: Clinical characteristics of patients with and without successful extubation