Supplementary Data
Table S1. Dioscorea samples used with the name of the species, collector’s name and collection number, date of collection and location of the individuals. *DNA extracted from fresh material.
Table S2. Traits used for morphometric analyses of the Tamus clade of Dioscorea samples divided into macromorphological (vegetative and reproductive) and micromorphological (pollen) variables, with units and description of the trait measured.
Table S3. Table showing the results of Lilliefors test, Levene test and the subsequent ANOVA or Kruskall-Wallis test for the selected variables analysed in the Tamus clade of Dioscorea samples; asterisk indicates the level of signification (p < 0.05 = one asterisk; p < 0.01 = two asterisks). Bonferroni post-Hoc test showing the difference between groups, the level of significance is shown with asterisks (p < 0.05 = one asterisk; p < 0.01 = two asterisks). For a full description of the traits and abbreviations used, see Supplementary Data Table S2.
Figure S1. Dendrograms constructed from correlation values (Pearson’s correlation matrices) between bioclimatic variables for the samples belonging to the D. communis and D. orientalisclades. Three cluster dendrograms are shown corresponding to samples identified as belonging to the different phylogenetic clades identified (see Results). Clade DC1: D. communis samples from Macaronesia; DC2: samples of D. communis from the Eastern Mediterranean, DC3: samples of D. communis from western and central Europe.
Figure S2. Results obtained in Structure Haverster based on genetic structure analysis of D. communis nuclear data though 10 replicates of Structure for each K (see Materials and Methods). The best delta K value is highlighted in bold and represented in a graphic below.
Figure S3. Genetic structure analysis of nuclear SNP data of the studied Mediterranean D. communis samples with STRUCTURE imposing ancestral admixture and correlated allelic frequencies models for K =2 to K =6 hypothetical genetic groups.
Figure S4. Divergence time estimations and chronograms of the Tamus clade of Dioscorea and outgroup based on nuclear sequence data and compiled with treePL (a) and BEAST (b) showing mean node ages in MY. BEAST maximum credibility tree (b) includes bars showing the 95% highest posterior density intervals for nodes.
Figure S5. Boxplots representing the differences between the four main clades: DC1, DC2, DC3 (D. communis ) and D. orientalis in the Tamus clade of Dioscorea for each of the 19 analysed WorldClim current climate bioclimatic variables.
Figure S6. Past projections of the environment niche model (ENMs) constructed for the four Tamus clades of Dioscorea with a 10% lower probability threshold cropping applied for each plot. Mid Holocene (MH), Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and Last Interglacial (LIG) climate envelopes for the DC3 clade of D. communis ; DC2 clade ofD. communis ; for D. orientalis clade, and for the Macaronesian DC1 clade.
Figure S7. Pairwise Pearson correlation matrix calculated between the morphological variables measured to distinguish between Tamus clade taxa.
Figure S8. SEM images of the pollen grains of D. communis DC3 clade (A, B), D. cretica (C, D), D. edulis(E, F) and D. orientalis (G, H).