Supplementary Data
Table S1. Dioscorea samples used with the name of the
species, collector’s name and collection number, date of collection and
location of the individuals. *DNA extracted from fresh material.
Table S2. Traits used for morphometric analyses of the Tamus
clade of Dioscorea samples divided into macromorphological
(vegetative and reproductive) and micromorphological (pollen) variables,
with units and description of the trait measured.
Table S3. Table showing the results of Lilliefors test, Levene
test and the subsequent ANOVA or Kruskall-Wallis test for the selected
variables analysed in the Tamus clade of Dioscorea samples;
asterisk indicates the level of signification (p < 0.05 = one
asterisk; p < 0.01 = two asterisks). Bonferroni post-Hoc test
showing the difference between groups, the level of significance is
shown with asterisks (p < 0.05 = one asterisk; p <
0.01 = two asterisks). For a full description of the traits and
abbreviations used, see Supplementary Data Table S2.
Figure S1. Dendrograms constructed from correlation values
(Pearson’s correlation matrices) between bioclimatic variables for the
samples belonging to the D. communis and D. orientalisclades. Three cluster dendrograms are shown corresponding to samples
identified as belonging to the different phylogenetic clades identified
(see Results). Clade DC1: D. communis samples from Macaronesia;
DC2: samples of D. communis from the Eastern Mediterranean, DC3:
samples of D. communis from western and central Europe.
Figure S2. Results obtained in Structure Haverster
based on genetic structure analysis of D. communis nuclear data
though 10 replicates of Structure for each K (see
Materials and Methods). The best delta K value is highlighted in
bold and represented in a graphic below.
Figure S3. Genetic structure analysis of nuclear SNP data of
the studied Mediterranean D. communis samples with STRUCTURE
imposing ancestral admixture and correlated allelic frequencies models
for K =2 to K =6 hypothetical genetic groups.
Figure S4. Divergence time estimations and chronograms of the
Tamus clade of Dioscorea and outgroup based on nuclear sequence
data and compiled with treePL (a) and BEAST (b) showing mean node ages
in MY. BEAST maximum credibility tree (b) includes bars showing the 95%
highest posterior density intervals for nodes.
Figure S5. Boxplots representing the differences between the
four main clades: DC1, DC2, DC3 (D. communis ) and D.
orientalis in the Tamus clade of Dioscorea for each of the 19
analysed WorldClim current climate bioclimatic variables.
Figure S6. Past projections of the environment niche model
(ENMs) constructed for the four Tamus clades of Dioscorea with a
10% lower probability threshold cropping applied for each plot. Mid
Holocene (MH), Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and Last Interglacial (LIG)
climate envelopes for the DC3 clade of D. communis ; DC2 clade ofD. communis ; for D. orientalis clade, and for the
Macaronesian DC1 clade.
Figure S7. Pairwise Pearson correlation matrix calculated
between the morphological variables measured to distinguish between
Tamus clade taxa.
Figure S8. SEM images of the pollen grains of D.
communis DC3 clade (A, B), D. cretica (C, D), D. edulis(E, F) and D. orientalis (G, H).