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\begin{document}

\title{Patterns, drivers, and ecological implications of upwelling in coral
reef habitats of the southern Red Sea}



\author[1]{Thomas Mario DeCarlo}%
\author[1]{Susana Carvalho}%
\author[1]{Laura Gajdzik}%
\author[1]{Royale S Hardenstine}%
\author[1]{Lyndsey K Tanabe}%
\author[1]{Rodrigo Villalobos}%
\author[1]{Michael L Berumen}%
\affil[1]{King Abdullah University of Science and Technology}%


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  \date{May 26, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Coral reef ecosystems are highly sensitive to thermal anomalies, making
them vulnerable to ongoing global warming. Yet, a variety of cooling
mechanisms, such as upwelling, offer some respite to certain reefs. The
Farasan Banks in the southern Red Sea is home to hundreds of coral reefs
covering 16,000 km and experiences among the highest water temperatures
of any coral-reef region despite exposure to summertime upwelling. We
deployed an array of temperature loggers on coral reefs in the Farasan
Banks, enabling us to evaluate the skill of satellite-based sea surface
temperature (SST) products for capturing patterns of upwelling.
Additionally, we used remote sensing products to investigate the
physical drivers of upwelling, and to better understand how upwelling
modulates summertime heat stress on coral communities. Our results show
that various satellite SST products underestimate reef-water
temperatures but differ in their ability to capture the spatial and
temporal dynamics of upwelling. Monsoon winds from June to September
drive the upwelling in the southern Red Sea via Ekman transport of
surface waters off the shelf, and this process is ultimately controlled
by the southwest Indian monsoon in the Arabian Sea. Further, the timing
of the cessation of monsoon winds regulates the maximum water
temperatures that are reached in September and October. In addition to
describing the patterns and mechanisms of upwelling, our study sheds
light on the broad ecological implications of this upwelling system,
including modulation of coral bleaching events and effects on
biodiversity, sea turtle reproduction, fish pelagic larval duration, and
planktivore populations.%
\end{abstract}%



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