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\begin{document}

\title{Integration of submerged aquatic vegetation motion within hydrodynamic
models}



\author[1]{Keisuke Nakayama}%
\author[2]{Tetsuya Shintani}%
\author[3]{Katsuaki Komai}%
\author[4]{Yasuyuki Nakagawa}%
\author[5]{Jeng-Wei Tsai}%
\author[1]{Daisuke Sasaki}%
\author[6]{Kazufumi Tada}%
\author[7]{Hirotada Moki}%
\author[7]{Tomohiro Kuwae}%
\author[7]{Kenta Watanabe}%
\author[8]{Matthew Richard Hipsey}%
\affil[1]{Kobe University}%
\affil[2]{Tokyo Metropolitan University}%
\affil[3]{Kitami Institute of Technology}%
\affil[4]{Kyushu University}%
\affil[5]{China Medical University}%
\affil[6]{Chuden Engineering Consultants}%
\affil[7]{Port and Airport Research Institute}%
\affil[8]{The University of Western Australia}%


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  \date{May 24, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Aquatic models used for both freshwater and marine systems frequently
need to account for submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) due to its
influence on flow and water quality. Despite its importance, simplified
parameterizations are generally adopted that simplify feedbacks between
flow, canopy properties (e.g., considering the deflected vegetation
height) and the bulk friction coefficient. This study reports the
development of a fine-scale non-hydrostatic model that demonstrates the
two-way effects of SAV motion interaction with the flow. An
object-oriented approach is used to capture the multiphase phenomena,
whereby a leaf-scale SAV model based on a discrete element method is
combined with a flow-dynamics model able to resolve stresses from
currents and waves. The model is verified through application to a
laboratory-scale seagrass bed. A force balance analysis revealed that
leaf elasticity and buoyancy are the most significant components
influencing the horizontal and vertical momentum equations,
respectively. The sensitivity of canopy-scale bulk friction coefficients
to water depth, current speeds and vegetation density of seagrass was
explored. Deeper water was also shown to lead to larger deflection of
vegetation height. The model approach can contribute to improved
assessment of processes influencing, water quality, sediment
stabilization, carbon sequestration, and SAV restoration, thereby
supporting understanding of how waterways and coasts will respond to
changes brought about by development and a changing climate.%
\end{abstract}%



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