Mothers’ blood |
Mothers’ blood |
(N = 263) |
(N = 40) |
|
Total carotenoid (µM), median (IQR)
|
1.72 (1.22–2.47)
|
1.36 (0.82–1.87)
[0.46 (0.28–0.74)]
|
|
Lutein (µM), median (IQR)
|
0.23 (0.17–0.29)
|
0.19 (0.13–0.25)
[0.00 (0.00–0.12)]
|
|
Zeaxanthin (µM), median (IQR)
|
0.09 (0.06–0.13)
|
0.07 (0.03–0.12)
[0.15 (0.00–29.4)]
|
|
β-cryptoxanthin (µM), median (IQR)
|
0.29 (0.19–0.48)
|
0.23 (0.11–0.33)
[0.07 (0.01–0.46)]
|
|
α-carotene (µM), median (IQR)
|
0.18 (0.12–0.28)
|
0.14 (0.09–0.23)
[0.13 (0.01–1.75)]
|
|
β-carotene (µM), median (IQR)
|
0.41 (0.25–0.63)
|
0.33 (0.16–0.46)
[0.22 (0.06–0.88)]
|
|
Lycopene (µM), median (IQR)
|
0.41 (0.28–0.55)
|
0.30 (0.16–0.45)
[0.07 (0.01–0.43)]
|
|
Retinol (µg/ml), median (IQR)
|
0.48 (0.38–0.60)
|
0.52 (0.40–0.60)
[2.29 (0.25–21.1)]
|
|
α-tocopherol (mg/dl), median (IQR)
|
0.58 (0.49–0.69)
|
0.56 (0.50–0.63)
[0.57 (0.07–4.74)]
|
Colostrum |
Colostrum |
(N = 258) |
(N = 40) |
|
Total carotenoid (µM), median (IQR)
|
0.80 (0.55–1.29)
|
0.62 (0.37–1.13)
[0.50 (0.25–0.99)]
|
|
Lutein (µM), median (IQR)
|
0.17 (0.12–0.25)
|
0.13 (0.08–0.21)
[0.00 (0.00–0.23)]
|
|
Zeaxanthin (µM), median (IQR)
|
0.06 (0.03–0.08)
|
0.04 (0.02–0.07)
[0.00 (0.00–0.72)]
|
|
β-cryptoxanthin (µM), median (IQR)
|
0.19 (0.11–0.39)
|
0.14 (0.08–0.32)
[0.19 (0.03–1.14)]
|
|
α-carotene (µM), median (IQR)
|
0.09 (0.05–0.15)
|
0.07 (0.04–0.13)
[0.14 (0.00–7.75)]
|
|
β-carotene (µM), median (IQR)
|
0.16 (0.10–0.25)
|
0.12 (0.05–0.22)
[0.16 (0.01–1.98)]
|
|
Lycopene (µM), median (IQR)
|
0.10 (0.07–0.15)
|
0.10 (0.06–0.14)
[0.27 (0.00–38.2)]
|
|
Retinol (µg/ml), median (IQR)
|
0.48 (0.24–0.81)
|
0.56 (0.27–0.93)
[1.64 (0.67–4.01)]
|
|
α-tocopherol (mg/dl), median (IQR)
|
0.60 (0.39–0.94)
|
0.64 (0.39–1.02)
[1.01 (0.60–1.70)]
|
Breast milk at 1 m |
Breast milk at 1 m |
(N = 255) |
(N =
39) |
|
Total carotenoid (µM), median (IQR)
|
0.24 (0.18–0.36)
|
0.24 (0.15–0.37)
[0.66 (0.10–4.31)]
|
|
Lutein (µM), median (IQR)
|
0.07 (0.04–0.09)
|
0.06 (0.04–0.08)
[0.00 (0.00–11.7)]
|
|
Zeaxanthin (µM), median (IQR)
|
0.02 (0.01–0.03)
|
0.01 (0.01–0.02)
[0.00 (0.00–14.8)]
|
|
β-cryptoxanthin (µM), median (IQR)
|
0.05 (0.03–0.08)
|
0.05 (0.03–0.11)
[4.08 (0.15–115)]
|
|
α-carotene (µM), median (IQR)
|
0.02 (0.01–0.03)
|
0.02 (0.01–0.02)
[0.00 (0.00–5460)]
|
|
β-carotene (µM), median (IQR)
|
0.05 (0.03–0.08)
|
0.05 (0.04–0.07)
[0.04 (0.00–61.7)]
|
|
Lycopene (µM), median (IQR)
|
0.04 (0.03–0.05)
|
0.04 (0.03–0.05)
[5.24 (0.00–4.58 x106)]
|
|
Retinol (µg/ml), median (IQR)
|
0.27 (0.14–0.40)
|
0.25 (0.10–0.39)
[0.56 (0.11–2.91)]
|
|
α-tocopherol (mg/dl), median (IQR)
|
0.31 (0.17–0.55)
|
0.28 (0.15–0.57)
[0.78 (0.34–1.81)]
|
Breast milk at 6 m |
Breast milk at 6 m |
(N = 216) |
(N =
34) |
|
Total carotenoid (µM), median (IQR)
|
0.31 (0.20–0.50)
|
0.28 (0.18–0.38)
[0.21 (0.04–1.07)]
|
|
Lutein (µM), median (IQR)
|
0.07 (0.05–0.12)
|
0.07 (0.05–0.11)
[0.02 (0.00–4.05)]
|
|
Zeaxanthin (µM), median (IQR)
|
0.02 (0.01–0.04)
|
0.02 (0.01–0.03)
[0.00 (0.00–11.6)]
|
|
β-cryptoxanthin (µM), median (IQR)
|
0.06 (0.03–0.12)
|
0.06 (0.02–0.11)
[0.01 (0.00–1.77)]
|
|
α-carotene (µM), median (IQR)
|
0.02 (0.01–0.04)
|
0.02 (0.01–0.03)
[0.00 (0.00–13.8)]
|
|
β-carotene (µM), median (IQR)
|
0.07 (0.04–0.11)
|
0.06 (0.03–0.09)
[0.00 (0.00–1.27)]
|
|
Lycopene (µM), median (IQR)
|
0.04 (0.03–0.06)
|
0.04 (0.03–0.06)
[0.00 (0.00–37.0)]
|
|
Retinol (µg/ml), median (IQR)
|
0.26 (0.11–0.42)
|
0.25 (0.12–0.52)
[1.46 (0.46–4.58)]
|
|
α-tocopherol (mg/dl), median (IQR)
|
0.23 (0.11–0.49)
|
0.20 (0.09–0.46)
[0.44 (0.11–1.85)]
|
Cord blood |
Cord blood |
(N = 262) |
(N = 41) |
|
Total carotenoid (µM), median (IQR)
|
0.25 (0.20–0.30)
|
0.23 (0.19–0.27)
[0.02 (0.00–1.27)]
|
|
Lutein (µM), median (IQR)
|
0.05 (0.04–0.07)
|
0.04 (0.03–0.06)
[0.00 (0.00–0.46)]
|
|
Zeaxanthin (µM), median (IQR)
|
0.01 (0.01–0.02)
|
0.01 (0.01–0.02)
[0.00 (0.00–5.73x1011)]
|
|
β-cryptoxanthin (µM), median (IQR)
|
0.07 (0.04–0.10)
|
0.06 (0.03–0.08)
[0.01 (0.00–4.80)]
|
|
α-carotene (µM), median (IQR)
|
0.01 (0.01–0.02)
|
0.01 (0.01–0.02)
[0.05 (0.00–1.59x109)]
|
|
β-carotene (µM), median (IQR)
|
0.05 (0.04–0.06)
|
0.05 (0.04–0.05)
[0.00 (0.00–639)]
|
|
Lycopene (µM), median (IQR)
|
0.04 (0.03–0.04)
|
0.03 (0.03–0.04)
[25.3 (0.00–6.24x109)]
|
|
Retinol (µg/ml), median (IQR)
|
0.29 (0.24–0.35)
|
0.28 (0.23–0.35)
[0.28 (0.01–11.7)]
|
|
α-tocopherol (mg/dl), median (IQR)
|
0.09 (0.07–0.12)
|
0.09 (0.07–0.12)
[3.01 (0.00–5620)]
|
Children’s blood at 1 y |
Children’s blood at 1 y |
(N = 241) |
(N =
36) |
|
Total carotenoid (µM), median (IQR)
|
1.36 (0.82–1.97)
|
1.23 (0.73–1.59)
[0.61 (0.37–1.00)]
|
|
Lutein (µM), median (IQR)
|
0.16 (0.09–0.25)
|
0.16 (0.08–0.21)
[0.12 (0.00–3.55)]
|
|
Zeaxanthin (µM), median (IQR)
|
0.06 (0.03–0.09)
|
0.05 (0.02–0.08)
[0.00 (0.00–1.52)]
|
|
β-cryptoxanthin (µM), median (IQR)
|
0.17 (0.08–0.31)
|
0.16 (0.08–0.27)
[0.28 (0.04–1.95)]
|
|
α-carotene (µM), median (IQR)
|
0.19 (0.11–0.29)
|
0.20 (0.08–0.25)
[0.12 (0.01–1.93)]
|
|
β-carotene (µM), median (IQR)
|
0.46 (0.25–0.68)
|
0.41 (0.24–0.62)
[0.51 (0.18–1.48)]
|
|
Lycopene (µM), median (IQR)
|
0.18 (0.11–0.30)
|
0.15 (0.08–0.21)
[0.03 (0.00–0.56)]
|
|
Retinol (µg/ml), median (IQR)
|
0.46 (0.40–0.55)
|
0.48 (0.40–0.56)
[1.69 (0.09–30.3)]
|
|
α-tocopherol (mg/dl), median (IQR)
|
0.36 (0.30–0.42)
|
0.33 (0.28–0.38)
[0.00 (0.00–0.33)]
|