Objective: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is currently the main cause of cervical cancer and precancerous lesions in women. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiological characteristics of HPV genotypes in women from Yueyang city and to provide a basis for the prevention and treatment of cervical cancer in this city. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on 125,604 women who had received treatment from eight hospitals in Yueyang city from September 2019 to September 2022. The HPV infection rate of the patients was analyzed. Results: The HPV infection rate was 20.47%, of which the high-risk type (HR-HPV) accounted for 17.47% and the low-risk type (LR-HPV) accounted for 4.97%. Among the HR-HPV subtypes, the top five infection rates, from the highest to the lowest, were HPV 52 (5.11%), HPV 16 (2.71%), HPV 58 (2.55%), HPV 53 (2.39%), and HPV 51 (1.67%). The main LR-HPV infection types were HPV 81 (2.05%), HPV 42 (1.04%), and HPV 43 (0.78%). Among the infected patients, 74% had a single subtype, 18% had two subtypes, and 8% had three or more subtypes. The main infected populations were <25 years old, 55–64 years old, and ≥65 years old, accounting for 26.68%, 29.03%, and 32.28% of the total infected population in this study, respectively. Conclusion: The HPV infection rate in women in Yueyang city was 20.47%, with HR-HPV being dominant. As women aged <25 years, 55–64 years, and ≥65 years are at a relatively higher risk, more attention should be paid to them for prevention and control of HPV infections.