References:
1. Hupin D, Edouard P, Gremeaux V, Garet M, Celle S, Pichot V, et al. Physical activity to reduce mortality risk. Eur Heart J 2017;38 (20):1534-1537.
2. Warburton DER, Bredin SSD. Health benefits of physical activity: a systematic review of current systematic reviews. Curr Opin Cardiol 2017;32 (5):541-556.
3. Morseth B, Løchen ML, Ariansen I, Myrstad M, Thelle DS. The ambiguity of physical activity, exercise and atrial fibrillation. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2018;25 (6):624-636.
4. Myrstad M, Nystad W, Graff-Iversen S, Thelle DS, Stigum H, Aarønæs M, et al. Effect of years of endurance exercise on risk of atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter. Am J Cardiol 2014;114 (8):1229-33.
5. Qureshi WT, Alirhayim Z, Blaha MJ, Juraschek SP, Keteyian SJ, Brawner CA, et al. Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Risk of Incident Atrial Fibrillation: Results From the Henry Ford Exercise Testing (FIT) Project. Circulation 2015;131 (21):1827-34.
6. Johansen KR, Ranhoff AH, Sørensen E, Nes BM, Heitmann KA, Apelland T, et al. Risk of atrial fibrillation and stroke among older men exposed to prolonged endurance sport practice: a 10-year follow-up. The Birkebeiner Ageing Study and the Tromsø Study. Open Heart 2022;9 (2).
7. Prior DL, La Gerche A. The athlete’s heart. Heart 2012;98 (12):947-55.
8. Heidbuchel H. The athlete’s heart is a proarrhythmic heart, and what that means for clinical decision making. Europace 2018;20 (9):1401-1411.
9. D’Ascenzi F, Anselmi F, Focardi M, Mondillo S. Atrial Enlargement in the Athlete’s Heart: Assessment of Atrial Function May Help Distinguish Adaptive from Pathologic Remodeling. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2018;31 (2):148-157.
10. Sørensen E, Myrstad M, Solberg MG, Øie E, Tveit A, Aarønæs M. Left atrial function in male veteran endurance athletes with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2021.
11. Hubert A, Galand V, Donal E, Pavin D, Galli E, Martins RP, et al. Atrial function is altered in lone paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in male endurance veteran athletes. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2018;19 (2):145-153.
12. Trivedi SJ, Claessen G, Stefani L, Flannery MD, Brown P, Janssens K, et al. Differing mechanisms of atrial fibrillation in athletes and non-athletes: alterations in atrial structure and function. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2020.
13. Sørensen E, Myrstad M, Solberg MG, Øie E, Tveit A, Aarønæs M. Right Heart Structure and Function in Lifelong Recreational Endurance Athletes with and without Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2022.
14. Kawakami H, Ramkumar S, Nolan M, Wright L, Yang H, Negishi K, et al. Left Atrial Mechanical Dispersion Assessed by Strain Echocardiography as an Independent Predictor of New-Onset Atrial Fibrillation: A Case-Control Study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2019;32 (10):1268-1276.e3.
15. Ciuffo L, Inoue YY, Tao S, Gucuk Ipek E, Balouch M, Lima JAC, et al. Mechanical dyssynchrony of the left atrium during sinus rhythm is associated with history of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2018;19 (4):433-441.
16. Sarvari SI, Haugaa KH, Stokke TM, Ansari HZ, Leren IS, Hegbom F, et al. Strain echocardiographic assessment of left atrial function predicts recurrence of atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2016;17 (6):660-7.
17. Inoue K, Kawakami H, Akazawa Y, Higashi H, Higaki T, Yamaguchi O. Echocardiographic Assessment of Atrial Function: From Basic Mechanics to Specific Cardiac Diseases. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2022;9 (3).
18. Watanabe Y, Nakano Y, Hidaka T, Oda N, Kajihara K, Tokuyama T, et al. Mechanical and substrate abnormalities of the left atrium assessed by 3-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography and electroanatomic mapping system in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm 2015;12 (3):490-497.
19. Peritz DC, Catino AB, Csecs I, Kaur G, Kheirkhahan M, Loveless B, et al. High-intensity endurance training is associated with left atrial fibrosis. Am Heart J 2020;226 :206-213.
20. Beaudry R, Haykowsky MJ, Baggish A, La Gerche A. A Modern Definition of the Athlete’s Heart-for Research and the Clinic. Cardiol Clin 2016;34 (4):507-514.
21. Grimsmo J, Grundvold I, Maehlum S, Arnesen H. High prevalence of atrial fibrillation in long-term endurance cross-country skiers: echocardiographic findings and possible predictors–a 28-30 years follow-up study. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2010;17 (1):100-5.
22. Harb SC, Wang TKM, Nemer D, Wu Y, Cho L, Menon V, et al.CHA2DS2-VASc score stratifies mortality risk in patients with and without atrial fibrillation. Open Heart 2021;8 (2).
23. Macfarlane P, Devine B, Clark E. The university of Glasgow (Uni-G) ECG analysis program. In: Computers in Cardiology, 2005 .2005 , p. 451-454. IEEE.
24. Hindricks G, Potpara T, Dagres N, Arbelo E, Bax JJ, Blomström-Lundqvist C, et al. 2020 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS): The Task Force for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Developed with the special contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J 2021;42 (5):373-498.
25. Lang RM, Badano LP, Mor-Avi V, Afilalo J, Armstrong A, Ernande L, et al. Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2015;16 (3):233-70.
26. Voigt JU, Pedrizzetti G, Lysyansky P, Marwick TH, Houle H, Baumann R, et al. Definitions for a common standard for 2D speckle tracking echocardiography: consensus document of the EACVI/ASE/Industry Task Force to standardize deformation imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2015;28 (2):183-93.
27. Badano LP, Kolias TJ, Muraru D, Abraham TP, Aurigemma G, Edvardsen T, et al. Standardization of left atrial, right ventricular, and right atrial deformation imaging using two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography: a consensus document of the EACVI/ASE/Industry Task Force to standardize deformation imaging. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2018;19 (6):591-600.
28. Shang Z, Su D, Cong T, Sun Y, Liu Y, Chen N, et al.Assessment of left atrial mechanical function and synchrony in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation with two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography. Echocardiography 2017;34 (2):176-183.
29. Ciuffo L, Tao S, Gucuk Ipek E, Zghaib T, Balouch M, Lima JAC, et al. Intra-Atrial Dyssynchrony During Sinus Rhythm Predicts Recurrence After the First Catheter Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2019;12 (2):310-319.
30. Ciuffo L, Bruña V, Martínez-Sellés M, de Vasconcellos HD, Tao S, Zghaib T, et al. Association between interatrial block, left atrial fibrosis, and mechanical dyssynchrony: Electrocardiography-magnetic resonance imaging correlation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2020;31 (7):1719-1725.
31. D’Souza A, Bucchi A, Johnsen AB, Logantha SJ, Monfredi O, Yanni J, et al. Exercise training reduces resting heart rate via downregulation of the funny channel HCN4. Nat Commun 2014;5 :3775.
32. Stefani LD, Trivedi SJ, Ferkh A, Altman M, Thomas L. Changes in left atrial phasic strain and mechanical dispersion: Effects of age and gender. Echocardiography 2021;38 (3):417-426.