2.8 Methods
In the domain of IS, two dominant methodologies have been used by
researchers: Action Design Research and Design Science Research
(Chatterjee & Hevner, 2010). These main research methods lack
operational processes and decision support tools that are rigorous
(Mandran & Dupuy-Chessa, 2018) with any fidelity that can be verified.
For example, the problem with the extensive use of end-user
characteristics is the lack of evaluative process to verify the validity
of relevant qualitative data collection tools and whether the outcomes
of such studies are generalizable. It is often said that quantitative
research is a theory in search of data, while qualitative research is
data in search of a theory. To improve system interactions with users,
ISO9241210 has outlined three main user-centred design. They are
requirement elicitation from users, which uses mainly qualitative data
collection method; the design phase that develop systems in
collaboration with users through workshops and focus groups; and the
quantitative evaluation (experiment). The shortcoming of this user
centred design is the lack of baseline to measure the impact of such
systems. A baseline could be the established post-phase one of the
user-centred design. As a result, an exploratory sequential mixed
method, for example, prior to phase two to develop rigorous instrument
to confirm the findings of phase one is very useful. This will improve
the reliability of findings of the evaluative or experimental phase.