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\begin{document}

\title{A long-term study of size variation in Northern Goshawk Accipiter
gentilis across Scandinavia, with a focus on Norway}



\author[1]{Samuel Walker}%
\author[1]{Terje Lislevand}%
\author[1]{Hanneke Meijer}%
\affil[1]{University Museum of Bergen}%


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  \date{May 17, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Changing climate and growing human impacts are resulting in globally
rising temperatures and the widespread loss of habitats. How species
will adapt to these changes is not well understood. The Northern Goshawk
(Accipiter gentilis) can be found across the Holarctic but is coming
under more intense pressure in many places. Studies of recent
populations in Finland and Denmark have shown a marked decline in body
size of Northern Goshawks over the past century. Here we investigate
long-term changes to Norwegian populations of Northern Goshawk by
including material from the Middle Ages and Viking Age. We measured 240
skeletons of modern Northern Goshawks from Norway, Sweden, Denmark and
Finland, and 89 Medieval Goshawk bones. Our results show that Norwegian
and Swedish female Goshawks have decreased in size over the past
century, whilst males showed little decline. Medieval female Goshawks
were larger than contemporary females. The Viking Age specimens showed
little difference to modern populations but appeared smaller than
specimens from the Medieval period. A decline in forest habitats and a
concomitant shift towards smaller prey likely drove a shift to smaller
body size in Northern Goshawks. Our study shows that significant body
size changes in birds can occur over relatively short time spans in
response to environmental factors, and that these effects can sometimes
differ between sexes.%
\end{abstract}%



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\textbf{Hosted file}

\verb`Northern Goshawk manuscript.docx`  available at \url{https://authorea.com/users/609132/articles/638685-a-long-term-study-of-size-variation-in-northern-goshawk-accipiter-gentilis-across-scandinavia-with-a-focus-on-norway}\selectlanguage{english}
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