Values expressed were mean ± standard deviation in triplicate. WHC and OHC: water holding capacity and oil holding capacity, respectively; FC and FS: foaming capacity and foaming stability, respectively; EC and ES: emulsifying capacity and emulsifying stability, respectively; R: roasting; S: steaming.
Means in the column with different superscript were significantly different at P < 0.05 according to Tukey’s test.