Figure 4.
REFERENCES
Anderson, M. J. (2001). Permutation tests for univariate or multivariate analysis of variance and regression. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 58 (3), 626-639.
Barlaup, B. T., Gabrielsen, S. E., Skoglund, H., & Wiers, T. (2008). Addition of spawning gravel - a means to restore spawning habitat of atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.), and anadromous and resident brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) in regulated rivers. River Research and Applications, 24 , 543-550.
Bégout Anras, M. L., Cooley, P. M., Bodaly, R. A., Anras, L., & Fudge, R. J. P. (1999). Movement and habitat use by lake whitefish during spawning in a boreal lake: integrating acoustic telemetry and geographic information systems. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 128 , 939-952.
Bett, N. N., & Hinch, S. G. (2016). Olfactory navigation during spawning migrations: a review and introduction of the Hierarchical Navigation Hypothesis. Biological Reviews, 91 , 728-759.
Bronte, C., Schram, S., Selgeby, J., & Swanson, B. (2002). Reestablishing a spawning population of Lake Trout in Lake Superior with fertilized eggs in artificial turf incubators. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 22 , 796-805.
Brown, L. L., & Bruno, D. W. (2002). Infectious diseases of coldwater fish in fresh water. In Diseases and disorders of finfish in cage culture (pp. 107-169). Wallingford, UK: CAB International.
Bunte, K. (2004). State of the science review gravel mitigation and augmentation below hydroelectric dams: A geomorphological perspective . Retrieved from US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. Report submitted to the Stream Systems Technology Center, Fort Collins, CO.:
Callaghan, D., Blanchfield, P., & Cott, P. (2016). Lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) spawning habitat in a northern lake: The role of wind and physical characteristics on habitat quality. Journal of Great Lakes Research, 42 , 299-307.
Claramunt, R. M., Jonas, J. L., Fitzsimons, J. D., & Marsden, J. E. (2005). Influences of spawning habitat characteristics and interstitial predators on lake trout egg deposition and mortality. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 134 , 1048-1057.
Cowx, I. G., & Welcomme, R. L. (1998). Rehabilitation of rivers for fish: a study undertaken by the European Inland Fisheries Advisory Commission of FAO . Retrieved from
DCCEEW. (2012). Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water (DCCEEW). (2012). EPBC Act environmental offsets policy. Available at: https://www.dcceew.gov.au/environment/.
DFO. (2019). Measures to protect fish and fish habitat. Available at: https://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/pnw-ppe/measures-mesures-eng.html.
ECCC. (2020). Environment and Climate Change Canada. Station Information, Real-Time and Historic Data for Station 07SB003 and Station 07SB015. Available at: http://wateroffice.ec.gc.ca/.
Eshenroder, R. L., Bronte, C. R., & Peck, J. W. (1995). Comparison of lake trout-egg survival at inshore and offshore and shallow-water and deepwater sites in Lake Superior. Journal of Great Lakes Research, 21 , 313-322.
Evans, C. E., Reist, J. D., & Minns, C. K. (2002). Life history characteristics of freshwater fishes occurring in the Northwest Territories and Nunavut, with major emphasis on riverine habitat requirements . Retrieved from Ottawa, Canada:
Favaro, B., & Olszynski, M. (2017). Authorized net losses of fish habitat demonstrate need for improved habitat protection in Canada.Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 74 (3), 285-291.
Fischer, J. L., Pritt, J. J., Roseman, E. F., Prichard, C. G., Craig, J. M., Kennedy, G. W., & Manny, B. A. (2018). Lake sturgeon, lake whitefish, and walleye egg deposition patterns with response to fish spawning substrate restoration in the St. Clair-Detroit River system.Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 147 , 79-93.
Fitzsimons, J. D. (1995). Assessment of lake trout spawning habitat and egg deposition and survival in Lake Ontario. Journal of Great Lakes Research, 21 , 337-347.
Fitzsimons, J. D. (2014). Assessment of measures to assess compensation and mitigation as related to the creation, rehabilitation, or restoration of spawning habitat for fluvial or lacustrine spawning salmonines . Retrieved from Ottawa, Canada:
Gatch, A., Höök, T., Roseman, E., & Koenigbauer, S. (2020). Assessment of two techniques for remediation of lacustrine rocky reef spawning habitat. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 41 , 484-497.
George, E. M. (2019). The history and ecology of cisco Coregonus artedi in the Laurentian Great Lakes. Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management, 22 , 280-293.
Golder. (2019). Bluefish Hydroelectric Plant 2018 fisheries and flow monitoring report . Retrieved from
Gunn, J. M. (1995). Spawning behavior of lake trout: effects on colonization ability. Journal of Great Lakes Research, 21 , 323-329.
Holm, S. (1979). A simple sequentially rejective multiple test procedure. Scandinavian Journal of Statistics, 6 (2), 65-70.
Jones, N. E., Parna, M., Parna, S., & Chong, S. (2018). Evidence of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) spawning and spawning habitat use in the Dog River, Lake Superior. Journal of Great Lakes Research, 44 , 1117-1122.
KCB. (2017). Klohn Crippen Berger Ltd - Northwest Territories Power Corporation – Bluefish Dam: operations, maintenance, and surveillance (OMS) manual .
Keefer, M. L., & Caudill, C. C. (2014). Homing and straying by anadromous salmonids: a review of mechanisms and rates. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 24 , 333-368.
MacKenzie, C. J. A., Fortin, B. L., & E., S. C. (2021). Summary of ecological information relevant to Great Slave Lake fisheries . Retrieved from Ottawa, Canada:
Manny, B. A., Edsall, T. A., Peck, J. W., Kennedy, G. W., & Frank, A. M. (1995). Survival of lake trout eggs on reputed spawning grounds in Lakes Huron and Superior: in situ incubation, 1987–1988. Journal of Great Lakes Research, 21 , 302-312.
Marsden, J. E., Binder, T. R., Johnson, J., He, J., Dingledine, N., Adams, J., . . . Krueger, C. C. (2016). Five-year evaluation of habitat remediation in Thunder Bay, Lake Huron: comparison of constructed reef characteristics that attract spawning lake trout. Fisheries Research, 183 , 275-286.
Marsden, J. E., Casselman, J. M., Edsall, T. A., Elliott, R. F., Fitzsimons, J. D., Horns, W. H., . . . Swanson, B. L. (1995). Lake trout spawning habitat in the Great Lakes — a review of current knowledge.Journal of Great Lakes Research, 21 , 487-497.
Marsden, J. E., Perkins, D. L., & Krueger, C. (1995). Recognition of spawning areas by lake trout: deposition and survival of eggs on small, man-made rock piles. Journal of Great Lakes Research, 21 , 330-336.
McAughey, S. C., & Gunn, J. M. (1995). The behavioral response of lake trout to a loss of traditional spawning sites. Journal of Great Lakes Research, 21 , 375-383.
McPherson, M., Cott, P. B., Lewis, J. B., Swanson, H. K., & Poesch, M. S. (2023). Habitat use by fluvial Arctic Grayling (Thymallus arcticus) across life stages in northern mountain streams. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 106 , 1001-1020.
Milner, N. J., Elliott, J. M., Armstrong, J. D., Gardiner, R., Welton, J. S., & Ladle, M. (2003). The natural control of salmon and trout populations in streams. Fisheries Research, 62 , 111-125.
Mohr, L. C., & Nalepa, T. F. (2005). Proceedings of a workshop on the dynamics of lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) and the amphipod Diporeia spp. in the Great Lakes. Great Lakes Fisheries Commission Technical Report, 66 .
Murchie, K., Hair, K., Pullen, C., Redpath, T., Stephens, H., & Cooke, S. (2008). Fish response to modified flow regimes in regulated rivers: research methods, effects and opportunities. River Research and Applications, 24 , 197-217.
Pedersen, M. L., Kristensen, E., Kronvang, B., & Thodsen, H. (2009). Ecological effects of re-introduction of salmonid spawning gravel in lowland Danish streams. River Research and Applications, 25 , 626-638.
Poesch, M. S., Chavarie, L., Chu, C., Pandit, S. N., & Tonn, W. (2016). Climate change impacts on freshwater fishes: A Canadian perspective.Fisheries, 41 (7), 385-391.
Pulg, U., Vollset, K., & Lennox, R. (2019). Linking habitat to density-dependent population regulation: How spawning gravel availability effects abundance of juvenile salmonids (Salmo trutta and Salmo salar) in small streams. Hydrobiologia, 841 , 13-29.
Rawson, D. S. (1951). Studies of the fish of Great Slave Lake.Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 8 , 207-240.
Richardson, E. S., Reist, J. D., & Minns, C. K. (2001). Life history characteristics of freshwater fishes occurring in the Northwest Territories and Nunavut, with major emphasis on lake habitat requirements . Retrieved from Ottawa, Canada:
Roberge, M., Hume, J. M. B., Minns, C. K., & Slaney, T. (2002).Life history characteristics of freshwater fishes occurring in British Columbia and the Yukon, with major emphasis on stream habitat characteristics . Retrieved from Ottawa, Canada:
Roni, P., Hanson, K., & Beechie, T. (2008). Global review of the physical and biological effectiveness of stream habitat rehabilitation techniques. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 28 , 856-890.
Sawatzky, C. D., Michalak, D., Reist, J. D., Carmichael, T. J., Mandrak, N. E., & Hunting, L. G. (2007). Distributions of freshwater and anadromous fishes from the mainland Northwest Territories, Canada . Retrieved from Ottawa, Canada:
Scott, W. B., & Crossman, E. J. (1998). The freshwater fishes of Canada . Oakville, Canada: Galt House Publications Ltd.
Selgeby, J. H., Bronte, C. R., Brown Jr, E. H., Hansen, M. J., Holey, M. E., VanAmberg, J. P., . . . Ferreri, C. P. (1995). Lake trout restoration in the Great Lakes: stock-size criteria for natural reproduction. Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 21 , 498-504.
Sly, P. G. (1988). Interstitial water quality of lake trout spawning habitat. Journal of Great Lakes Research, 14 , 301-315.
Spence, C. (2001, 18 to 27 July 2001). Sub-grid runoff processes and hydrological. In soil-vegetation-atmosphere transfer schemes and large-scale hydrological models. Paper presented at the Proceedings of an International Symposium (Symposium S5) Held During the Sixth Scientific Assembly of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS) Maastricht, The Netherlands.
Stewart, D. B. (1997). A review of the status and harvests of fish stocks in the North Slave area, Northwest Territories . Retrieved from Ottawa, Canada:
Theis, S., Ruppert, J. L. W., & Poesch, M. S. (2023). Coarse woody habitat use and structural integrity of enhancements over time in a shallow northern boreal lake assessed in a Bayesian modeling approach.Ecological Solutions and Evidence, 4 (2), e12200.
Theis, S., Ruppert, J. L. W., Shirton, J., & Poesch, M. S. (2022). Measuring beta diversity components and beneficial effects of coarse woody habitat introduction on invertebrate and macrophyte communities in a shallow northern boreal lake: implications for offsetting.Aquatic Ecology, 56 , 793-814.
Whiteway, S., Biron, P., Zimmermann, A., Venter, O., & Grant, J. (2010). Do in-stream restoration structures enhance salmonid abundance? A meta-analysis. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 67 , 831-841.
Zeug, S., Sellheim, K., Watry, C., Rook, B., Hannon, J., Zimmerman, J., . . . Merz, J. (2014). Gravel augmentation increases spawning utilization by anadromous salmonids: A case study from California, USA.River Research and Applications, 30 , 707-718.
zu Ermgassen, S. O., Baker, J., Griffiths, R. A., Strange, N., Struebig, M. J., & Bull, J. W. (2019). The ecological outcomes of biodiversity offsets under “no net loss” policies: A global review.Conservation Letters, 12 (6), e12664.