REFERENCES
- French JA, Kanner AM, Bautista J, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of
the new antiepileptic drugs I: treatment of new onset epilepsy: report
of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee and Quality
Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the
American Epilepsy Society. Neurology 2004;62(8):1252–60.
- Brophy GM, Bell R, Claassen J, et al. Guidelines for the evaluation
and management of status epilepticus. Neurocrit Care 2012;17(1):3–23.
- De Smedt T, Raedt R, Vonck K, Boon P. Levetiracetam: the profile of a
novel anticonvulsant drug-part I: preclinical data. CNS Drug Rev. 2007
Spring;13(1):43-56. Doi: 10.1111/j.1527-3458.2007.00004.x.
- Nau KM, Divertie GD, Valentino AK, Freeman WD: Safety and efficacy of
levetiracetam for critically ill patients with seizures. Neurocrit
Care, 2009; 11(1): 34–37.
- Patsalos, P. (2000) ‘Pharmacokinetic profile of levetiracetam toward
ideal characteristics.’, Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 85, pp.77-85.
- Patsalos PN, Berry DJ, Bourgeois BFD, Cloyd JC, Glauser TA,
Johannessen SI, et al. Antiepileptic drugs - best practice guidelines
for therapeutic drug monitoring: a position paper by the subcommission
on therapeutic drug monitoring, ILAE commission on therapeutic
strategies. Epilepsia 2008;49:1239–76. https://doi.org/
10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01561.x
- Radtke, R.A. (2001), Pharmacokinetics of Levetiracetam. Epilepsia, 42:
24-27.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2001.00005.
- Patsalos PN: Clinical pharmacokinetics of levetiracetam. Clin
Pharmacokinet, 2004; 43(11): 707–24.
- Walker MC, Patsalos PN: Clinical pharmacokinetics of new antiepileptic
drugs. Pharmacol Ther, 1995; 67(3): 351–84.
- DrugBank. Levetiracetam. Available at:
https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB01202 (Accessed: 16 December 2021).
- EMC. Keppra 100 mg/ml concentrate for solution for infusion .
Available at:https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/2296/smpc#PHARMACOKINETIC_PROPS(Accessed: 8 December 2021).
- Strolin Benedetti M, Whomsley R, Nicolas J-M, Young C, Baltes E.
Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of 14C-levetiracetam, a new
antiepileptic agent, in healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol.
2003;59(8–9):621–30.
- Mora Rodríguez KA, Benbadis SR. Managing Antiepileptic Medication in
Dialysis Patients. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2018 Sep 27;20(11):45.
doi: 10.1007/s11940-018-0530-5. PMID: 30259204.
- Tolwani A: Continuous renal-replacement therapy for acute kidney
injury. New Engl J Med, 2012; 367(26): 2505–14.
- Case J, Khan S, Khalid R, Khan A. Epidemiology of acute kidney injury
in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Res Pract. 2013;2013:479730.
doi: 10.1155/2013/479730. Epub 2013 Mar 21. PMID: 23573420; PMCID:
PMC3618922.
- Schetz M: Drug dosing in continuous renal replacement therapy: General
rules. Curr Opin Crit Care, 2007; 13(6): 645–51.
- Ashley, C. and Dunleavy, A. The Renal Drug Database. Available at:
https://renaldrugdatabase.com/ (Accessed: 13 April 2023).
- Shiue HJ, Taylor M, Sands KA. Comparison of Levetiracetam Dosing
Regimens in End-Stage Renal Disease Patients Undergoing Intermittent
Hemodialysis. Ann Pharmacother. 2017;51(10):862-865.
doi:10.1177/1060028017713294, 10.1177/1060028017713294
- Wieruszewski PM, Kashani KB, Rabinstein AA, Frazee E. Levetiracetam
Pharmacokinetics in a Critically Ill Anephric Patient on Intermittent
Hemodialysis. Neurocrit Care. 2018;28(2):243-246.
doi:10.1007/s12028-017-0441-4, 10.1007/s12028-017-0441-4.
- Smetana KS, Cook AM, Bastin ML, Oyler DR. Antiepileptic dosing for
critically ill adult patients receiving renal replacement therapy. J
Crit Care. 2016;36:116-124. doi:10.1016/j.jcrc.2016.06.023,
10.1016/j.jcrc.2016.06.023.
- Rodriguez, K. and Benbadis, S. (2018) ‘Managing Antiepileptic
Medication in Dialysis Patients’, Current Treatment Options in
Neurology, 20:45.
- Cuhls, M., Bosel, J. and Rosche, J. (2020) ‘Treatment with lacosamide
or levetiracetam in patients with renal replacement therapy. What is
really known?’, Journal of Epileptology , 28, pp.55-58.
- Araki, K. et al. (2020) ‘Pharmacological monitoring of antiepileptic
drugs in epilepsy patients on haemodialysis.’, Epileptic
Disorders , 22(1), pp. 90-102.
- Maia, J. et al. (2008) ‘Effect of renal impairment on the
pharmacokinetics of eslicarbazepine acetate.’, International
Journal of Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics , 46(3), pp.119-30.
- Nei, SD. et al. (2015) ‘Levetiracetam Pharmacokinetics in a Patient
Receiving Continuous Venovenous Hemofiltration and Venoarterial
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation.’, Pharmacotherapy: The
Journal of Human Pharmacology & Drug Therapy , 35(8), pp.127-30.
- Barker CI, Standing JF, Turner MA, et al. Antibiotic dosing in
children in Europe: can we grade the evidence from pharmacokinetic/
pharmacodynamic studies - and when is enough data enough? Curr Opin
Infect Dis. 2012 June;25(3):235–242.
- Gibney RT, Kimmel PL, Lazarus M. The Acute Dialysis Quality
Initiative–part I: definitions and reporting of CRRT techniques.
Adv Ren Replace Ther. 2002 Oct;9(4):252-4. doi:
10.1053/jarr.2002.35571. PMID: 12382226.
- Kellum JA, Mehta RL, Angus DC, Palevsky P, Ronco C, ADQI Workgroup.
The first international consensus conference on continuous renal
replacement therapy. Kidney Int 2002; 62: 1855–63.
- R Core Team (2022). R: A language and environment for statistical
computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria.
URL: https://www.R-project.org/
- Wickham et al., (2019). Welcome to the tidyverse. Journal of Open
Source Software, 4(43), 1686. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.01686
- Rich B (2021). _linpk: Generate Concentration-Time Profiles from
Linear PK Systems_. R package version 1.1.1. URL:
https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=linpk
- Venables N. and Ripley B.D. (2002) Modern Applied Statistics with S.
Fourth Edition. Springer, New York. ISBN
0-387-95457-0.
- le Noble JL, Foudraine NA, Kornips FH, van Dam DG, Neef C, Janssen PK.
Extracorporeal Clearance of Levetiracetam During Continuous Venovenous
Hemofiltration in a Critically Ill Patient and New Dosing
Recommendation. J Clin Pharmacol. 2017 Apr;57(4):536-537. doi:
10.1002/jcph.844. Epub 2016 Nov 21. PMID: 27868207.
- New AM, Nei SD, Kashani KB, Rabinstein AA, Frazee EN. Levetiracetam
Pharmacokinetics During Continuous Venovenous Hemofiltration and Acute
Liver Dysfunction. Neurocrit Care. 2016 Aug;25(1):141-4. doi:
10.1007/s12028-016-0242-1. PMID: 26800696.
- Van Matre ET, Mueller SW, Fish DN, MacLaren R, Cava LF, Neumann RT,
Kiser TH. Levetiracetam Pharmacokinetics in a Patient with
Intracranial Hemorrhage Undergoing Continuous Veno-Venous
Hemofiltration. Am J Case Rep. 2017 Apr 27;18:458-462. doi:
10.12659/ajcr.902709. PMID: 28446744; PMCID: PMC5414484.
- Louie JM, Raphael KL, Barker B. Levetiracetam Use With Continuous
Renal Replacement Therapy. Ann Pharmacother. 2015 Sep;49(9):1079-80.
doi: 10.1177/1060028015591845. Epub 2015 Jun 23. PMID: 26104053.
- Chappell K, Kimmons LA, Haller JT, Canada RB, He H, Hudson JQ.
Levetiracetam pharmacokinetics in critically ill patients undergoing
renal replacement therapy. J Crit Care. 2021 Feb;61:216-220. doi:
10.1016/j.jcrc.2020.10.032. Epub 2020 Nov 2. PMID: 33217623.
- Kalaria SN, Armahizer M, McCarthy P, Badjatia N, Gobburu JV,
Gopalakrishnan M. A Practice-Based, Clinical Pharmacokinetic Study to
Inform Levetiracetam Dosing in Critically Ill Patients Undergoing
Continuous Venovenous Hemofiltration (PADRE-01). Clin Transl Sci. 2020
Sep;13(5):950-959. doi: 10.1111/cts.12782. Epub 2020 Apr 3. PMID:
32223067; PMCID: PMC7485952.
- Kapur J, Elm J, Chamberlain JM, Barsan W, Cloyd J, Lowenstein D,
Shinnar S, Conwit R, Meinzer C, Cock H, Fountain N, Connor JT,
Silbergleit R; NETT and PECARN Investigators. Randomized Trial of
Three Anticonvulsant Medications for Status Epilepticus. N Engl J Med.
2019 Nov 28;381(22):2103-2113. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1905795.
- Haller JT, Bonnin S, Radosevich J. Rapid administration of undiluted
intravenous levetiracetam. Epilepsia. 2021 Aug;62(8):1865-1870. doi:
10.1111/epi.16961. Epub 2021 Jun 24. PMID: 34164804.
- Wood KE, Palmer KL, Krasowski MD. Correlation of elevated lamotrigine
and levetiracetam serum/plasma levels with toxicity: A long-term
retrospective review at an academic medical center. Toxicol Rep. 2021
Aug 30;8:1592-1598. doi: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.08.005. PMID: 34522622;
PMCID: PMC8424104.
- Silke Gastine, Asia N. Rashed, Yingfen Hsia, Charlotte Jackson,
Charlotte I. S. Barker, Shrey Mathur, Stephen Tomlin, Irja Lutsar,
Julia Bielicki, Joseph F. Standing & Mike Sharland (2019) GAPPS
(Grading and Assessment of Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Studies) a
critical appraisal system for antimicrobial PKPD studies –
development and application in pediatric antibiotic studies, Expert
Review of Clinical
Pharmacology, 12:12, 1091-1098, DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2019.1695600.
- Vaara S, Pettila V, Kaukonen KM. Quality of pharmacokinetic studies in
critically ill patients receiving continuous renal replacement
therapy. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2012 Feb;56(2):147-57. doi:
10.1111/j.1399-6576.2011.02571.x. Epub 2011 Oct 19. PMID: 22092254.
- Kalaria, S.N., Armahizer, M., McCarthy, P. et al. Development and Use
of an Ex-Vivo In-Vivo Correlation to Predict Antiepileptic Drug
Clearance in Patients Undergoing Continuous Renal Replacement
Therapy. Pharm Res 39, 827–836 (2022).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-022-03287-x.