Figure 4 Spatial association within and between sexes inDiospyros morrisiana based on mark connection functionp (r ). pMM (r) and pFF (r ) detect the strength of association within males (a) and females (c), whilepMF (r ) detects spatial segregation between sexes (b). Local random labelling was used as the null model, which switches the sexes of points closer than 30m. Observed and expected mark connection function p (r ) under the null model are represented by solid (black) and dashed (red) lines respectively. Shaded areas represent 95% pointwise simulation envelopes (dark grey boundary) and global envelopes (light grey boundary) constructed using the 25th highest and lowest values of 999 Monte Carlo simulations of the null model. Values outside the envelopes indicate significant departure from the randomness.