3.5 Effects of empagliflozin on IL-1β-induced NF-κB pathway activation in mouse chondrocytes
To explore the underlying mechanism, the effects of empagliflozin on NF-κB pathway activation were investigated. As illustrated in Figure 5, empagliflozin activated the NF-κB pathway in mouse chondrocytes represented as higher levels of the activated status of P65 (phosphor-P65, p-P65) and IκB (phosphor-IκB, p-IκB). The above IL-1β-induced NF-κB pathway activation was inhibited by empagliflozin pretreatment. The results indicated that empagliflozin could inhibit IL-1β-induced NF-κB pathway activation in mouse chondrocytes.