Methods
The protective effects and underlying mechanism of empagliflozin in OA
were investigated in vitro and in vivo. Cell viability, catabolic
markers, inflammatory mediators, cellular senescence level, cartilage
degeneration were evaluated by CCK-8 assay, safranine O staining, ELISA,
real-time PCR, western blot, β-galactosidase Staining, and histological
analysis.