Rosmarinus officinalis
The ethyl acetate extract of R. officinalis exhibited significant antibacterial effects against both oral facultative and obligate anaerobic bacteria, as shown in Table 9. The mean minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for facultative anaerobic bacteria ranged from 0.02 mg / ml (S. mutans ) to 0.60 mg / ml (E. faecalis ), while for obligate anaerobes, the MIC values ranged from 0.01 mg / ml (P. micra ) to 0.15 mg / ml (F. nucleatum ). The extract also effectively reduced the growth of S. aureus , with MIC/MBC values of 0.30 mg / ml. However, it did not show any negative impact on E. coli and C. albicans . Notably, the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values for oral bacteria ranged from 0.02 mg / m (P. micra ) to 1.25 mg / ml (E. faecalis ).
In the biofilm plate assay conducted with the tested strain of S. mutans (Figure 2), it was observed that the production of biofilm was suppressed at an extract concentration of 0.30 mg / ml. A concentration of 0.08 mg / ml was sufficient for moderate biofilm production, while concentrations of 0.04 mg / ml and lower fell into category C3, indicating no detectable effect on biofilm formation.