Stachys spinosa
The extract exhibited inhibitory effects against all oral bacteria andS. aureus , with MIC values ranging from 0.15 mg / ml (P. micra ) to 2.50 mg / ml (S. oralis , E. faecalis , S. aureus ). However, notable bactericidal effects were observed only for obligate anaerobes (MBC of P. micra : 0.30 mg / ml), S. oralis (5.00 mg / ml), and S. aureus (10.00 mg / ml, as shown in Table 15.
No biofilm production was detected at an extract concentration of 10.00 mg / ml. However, concentrations as low as 2.50 mg / ml were sufficient to inhibit biofilm formation, categorized as C2 (Figure 3).