P.g promotes the inflammatory response by stimulating macrophage recruitment and M1 polarization in the kidney
The IHC and Western blot results showed that the expression of F4/80 was significantly increased in the P.g group (Figure 2A, B, Supplementary Figure 1A), suggesting the recruitment of macrophages to the kidney. Moreover, the IHC, IF and Western blot results showed that the expression of CD86 and iNOS was increased and that of CD206 was decreased in the kidney in the P.g group, suggesting an increase in the proportion of M1 macrophages (Figure 2C-E, Supplementary Figure 1 B-D). More importantly, after Raw264.7 cells were stimulated byP.g supernatant, M1 macrophage markers showed the same trend as those in vivo (Figure 2F-H, Supplementary Figure 1E). These results indicated that P.g could promote the recruitment of macrophages and M1 polarization in CKD. After M1 macrophage polarization occurred in the kidney, IL-17 and IL-6 mRNA and protein levels increased in the P.g group, and IL-10 was decreased (Figure 3A-D, Supplementary Figure 1F). These inflammatory cytokine levels in SV40-MES-13 cells were consistent with the changes in vivo (Figure 3E-H, Supplementary Figure 1G). These results suggest that P.g promotes CKD by stimulating macrophage recruitment and M1 polarization.