Animal model
Twenty-four (half female, half male) six-week-old BALB/C mice were purchased from Huachuang Sino Co., Ltd. (Jiangsu, Taizhou). All experimental equipment and procedures were examined and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Shanghai Rat & Mouse Biotech Co., Ltd (No. SHDSYY-2022-3063
. After adaptive feeding, the mice were randomly divided into two groups with equal numbers (half female, half male) (n = 12): the control group and the P.g group. A total of 109colony-forming units (CFU) of live P.g suspended in 200 μL of brain heart infusion (BHI, Shanghai Solarbio Science & Technology Co., Ltd.) broth was orally administered to each mouse via a feeding needle. The control group was administered the same amount of BHI withoutP.g . During the experimental period, the mice were allowed to eat and drink ad libitum. The mice in each group were weighed weekly. At the third and fifth weeks, approximately 200 μL of blood was collected from the mice through the retroorbital venous plexus. After 7 weeks, the mice were euthanized with CO2. The kidneys and maxillaries were removed. The experimental design is shown in Fig. 1A.