Whole virus vaccines |
Whole virus
vaccines |
Whole virus vaccines |
Whole
virus vaccines |
Whole virus vaccines |
Whole virus vaccines |
|
Live attenuated
|
Mostly cross-reactive T cells, no cross-reactive B cell
|
Th1
|
Potent induction
|
Potent induction
|
• Strong B & T cell responses induction following single delivery,
award long-term immunity, independent to adjuvants, confer natural
antigenicity
• Risk for pathogenic reversion, cold chain requirement
|
[8, 129]
|
Inactivated
|
No cross-reactivity
|
Th1 or Th2 related to adjuvant system
|
Poor induction
|
Potent induction
|
• Safe & stable, no risk of pathogenic reversion, confer natural
antigenicity
• Poor immunogenicity, need for repeated doses, dependent to adjuvants,
costly, inflammatory complications owing to adjuvant
|
|
Nucleic acid vaccines |
Nucleic acid
vaccines |
Nucleic acid vaccines |
Nucleic acid vaccines |
Nucleic acid
vaccines |
Nucleic acid vaccines |
|
DNA-based
|
No cross-reactivity
|
Th1
|
Not as potent as some viral vectors
|
Induction
|
• Safe & heat stable, low costs, B & T cell responses induction, quick
production, award long-term immunity
• Relatively weaker immunity, need for repeated doses, induction, risk
for insertional mutagenesis, costly, specific delivery vehicle
requirement, dependent to adjuvants, unsuitable for RM delivery
|
[8, 129]
|
RNA-based
|
No cross-reactivity
|
Th1 or Th2 related to adjuvant system
|
depends on vaccine formulation & adjuvant system
|
Induction
|
• B & T cell responses induction, improving antigen presentation,
ability of self-adjuvating, quick production, lower probability of
adverse effect, no risk of insertional mutagenesis
• Need for repeated doses, limited immunogenicity, cold chain
requirement, unknown aspects of vaccine delivery & uptake, reluctance
to endosomal RNA receptors resulting in faint immune induction,
dependent to adjuvants
|
|
Replicating vector vaccine |
Replicating
vector vaccine |
Replicating vector vaccine |
Replicating vector vaccine |
Replicating
vector vaccine |
Replicating vector vaccine |
|
VSV
|
No cross-reactivity
|
Mainly Th1
|
Weaker induction than Ad5 & ChAd in single delivery
|
Induction
|
• B & T cell responses induction, long-term antigen production, potent
immunogenicity with single delivery (VSV)
• Costly large-scale production, risk for disease emergence in
incompetent hosts, disarm the vector owing to preceding cross-reactive
immunity, weaker immunogenicity relative to Ad & limited human safety
data (Influenza & measles), suitable for RM delivery (influenza)
|
[8, 129]
|
Influenza & measles |
High probability of cross-reactive B & T cells |
Mainly Th1 |
Good induction via RM delivery |
Induction (impressed by
preceding cross-reactive immunity & administration route) |
|
|
Non-replicating vector vaccines |
Non-replicating vector vaccines |
Non-replicating vector vaccines |
Non-replicating vector vaccines |
Non-replicating vector vaccines |
Non-replicating vector vaccines |
|
Ad5
|
High probability of cross-reactive B & T cells especially in older
people
|
Mainly Th1
|
Potent induction (impressed by preceding cross-reactive immunity)
|
Induction (impressed by preceding cross-reactive immunity)
|
• B & T cell responses induction, long-term antigen production, potent
immunogenicity with single delivery (Ad5 & ChAd), suitable for RM
delivery, established human safety data
• Costly large-scale production, risk for disease emergence in
incompetent hosts, disarm the vector owing to preceding cross-reactive
immunity, weak immunogenicity & need for repeated booster doses
(Ad26)
|
[8, 129]
|
Ad26 |
Medium probability |
Mainly Th1 |
Medium induction (impressed by
preceding cross-reactive immunity) |
Induction (impressed by preceding
cross-reactive immunity) |
|
|
ChAd |
Almost no cross-reactivity |
Mainly Th1 |
Potent induction |
Induction |
|
|
Subunit vaccines |
Subunit vaccines |
Subunit vaccines |
Subunit vaccines |
Subunit vaccines |
Subunit vaccines |
|
Protein-based
|
No cross-reactivity
|
Th1 or Th2 related to adjuvant system
|
Poor induction
|
Potent induction
|
• Safe with no risk of infection, selecting highly immunogenic antigens,
strong neutralizing antibody induction
• weaker induction of T cell response, decreased immune response over
time, need for repeated booster doses, costly, dependent to adjuvants,
unsuitable for RM delivery
|
[8, 129]
|
Virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines |
Virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines |
Virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines |
Virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines |
Virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines |
Virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines |
|
VLP
|
No cross-reactivity
|
Th1 or Th2 related to adjuvant system
|
Poor induction
|
Potent induction
|
• Safe with no risk of infection, strong neutralizing antibody
induction, ability of self-adjuvating, cross-linking of surface BCRs by
condensed & repetitive antigen presentation, established platform for
human vaccines
• Providing high yield, stable, immunogenic VLP with suitable quality is
challenging, risk for a host cell-derived component, need for repeated
booster doses
|
[8, 129]
|