Future immunologic targets for COVID-19

In the future, several novel immunologic targets such as tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α inhibitors, RLR and mTOR inhibitors, NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors, TLR modulators, IL-18 inhibitors and possibly mesenchymal stem cell secretome may be tested due to their reported significance in COVID-19 pathogenesis.
To summarise, both immunosuppression and immunomodulation could serve as potent COVID-19 therapies. However, the benefits could only be attained when they are administered in the appropriate disease stage / severity (Figure 2 ) and have to consider the patients characteristics and comorbidities to minimise adverse effects and complications.