Adverse pregnancy outcomes according to OGTT patterns classified by LPA
Adverse outcomes of composite pregnancy occurred more frequently in the GDM group than in the normal healthy group (28.4%, 73/257 vs. 15.5%, 124/801; p <0.001, Appendix 1 ). Initially, we conducted an LPA analysis to identify OGTT patterns in patients with GDM based on four glucose measurements (Fig. 1 and Appendix 2 ). We identified the following three distinct patterns: Cluster 1 (late incremental pattern with low values at 1 h and peak at 2 h), Cluster 2 (early incremental pattern with a peak at 1 h and low values at 2 h and 3 h), and Cluster 3 (high fasting glucose combined with high levels at all points). In an unadjusted model, the risks of adverse pregnancy outcomes were higher in clusters 2 and 3 than in the normal group (Table 2 ). However, after adjusting for age, preexisting hypertension, family history of diabetes mellitus and hypertension, BMI, parity, SBP, glucose levels at 35 weeks of gestation, and insulin treatment, the associations of LPA clusters with pregnancy outcomes were no longer significant.