Definition of adverse pregnancy outcomes
Adverse pregnancy outcomes were defined as the following combined neonatal and maternal adverse outcomes: (1) preterm birth, defined as delivery before 37 weeks of gestation; (2) macrosomia, defined as birth weight >4,000 g regardless of gestational age of the fetus; (3) LGA birth, defined as birth weight >90th percentile; (4) low “appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, and respiration” (APGAR) score, defined as a 1-min APGAR score <5; and (5) pregnancy-induced hypertension, defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) >140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure >90 mmHg after 20 gestational weeks.