Total (N = 1,058) Normal (N = 801) GDM (N = 257)
P
Maternal age, median (IQR), years 33 (30–35) 32 (30–35) 34 (31–36) <0.001
Height, median (IQR), cm 162 (158–165) 162 (159–165) 161 (158–164) 0.054
Body weight, median (IQR), kg 54.0 (50.0–59.7) 53 (49–58) 56 (52–62) <0.001
BMI, median (IQR), kg/m2 20.6 (19.1–22.7) 20.3 (18.9–22.3) 21.6 (19.7–24.0) <0.001
HTN, n (%) 10 (1.0) 6 (0.8) 4 (1.6) 0.268
Family history of GDM, n (%) 19 (1.8) 5 (0.6) 14 (5.5) <0.001
Family history of DM, n (%) 208 (19.7) 142 (17.7) 66 (25.7) 0.005
Family history of HTN, n (%) 220 (20.8) 164 (20.5) 56 (21.8) 0.658
Parity ≥1 351 (33.2) 257 (32.1) 94 (36.6) 0.183
Gestational age, median (IQR), years (before delivery) 38.4 (37.6–39.4) 38.6 (37.7–39.6) 38.1 (37.3–39.1) <0.001
50-g OGTT, median (IQR), mg/dL 152 (145–164) 150 (144–161) 159 (148–176) <0.001
100-g OGTT, median (IQR), mg/dL
Basal 80 (75–85) 79 (74–84) 84 (78–91) <0.001
PP1 151 (131–173) 145 (127–160) 185 (168–198) <0.001
PP2 139 (121–159) 132 (115–146) 173 (161–188) <0.001
PP3 123 (108–141) 117 (104–130) 150 (141–164) <0.001
HbA1c 26 weeks, median (IQR), mmol/mol 33 (31–37) 33 (31–37) 34 (32–37) 0.002
HbA1c 26 weeks, median (IQR), % 5.2 (5.0–5.5) 5.2 (5.0–5.5) 5.3 (5.1–5.5) 0.002
Insulin, median (IQR), mg/dL 5.5 (3.2–8.4) 4.8 (2.8–8.2) 6.1 (3.8–8.7) 0.002
C-peptide, median (IQR), ng/ml 1.9 (1.4–2.5) 1.8 (1.2–2.3) 2.0 (1.5–2.9) <0.001
HOMA-IR 26 weeks, median (IQR) 1.12 (0.63–1.78) 0.94 (0.52–1.59) 1.31 (0.78–1.96) <0.001
HOMA-b 26 weeks, median (IQR) 107.3 (65.5–161.0) 107.4 (65.9–172.8) 106.6 (65.5–146.3) 0.345
SBP 26 weeks, median (IQR), mmHg 113.6 ± 12.3 112.8 ± 11.9 116.2 ± 12.9 <0.001
DBP 26 weeks, median (IQR), mmHg 67.4 ± 8.2 66.8 ± 7.7 69.3 ± 9.2 <0.001
SBP 26 weeks, median (IQR), mmHg 115.4 ± 12.0 114.9 ± 11.4 116.8 ± 13.6 0.046
DBP 26 weeks, median (IQR), mmHg 69.7 ± 8.4 69.6 ± 8.2 70.0 ± 8.9 0.532
FBG 35 weeks, median (IQR), mg/dL 97.4 ± 23.6 94.4 ± 21.0 107.1 ± 28.6 <0.001
TC 26 weeks, median (IQR), mg/dL 231.8 ± 43.3 240.5 ± 32.0 230.9 ± 44.4 0.312
TG 26 weeks, median (IQR), mg/dL 224 (180–296) 261 (178–316) 224 (180–294) 0.514
HDL-C 26 weeks, median (IQR), mg/dL 70 (61–77) 71.7 (64.0–81.0) 70 (60–77) 0.296
LDL-C 26 weeks, median (IQR), mg/dL 122 (68–219) _ 122 (68–219) _