References
1. American Diabetes Association. 6. Glycemic targets: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2020 . Diabetes Care 2020;43(Supplement 1):S66–S76. DOI: 10.2337/dc20-S006
2. Magliano DJ, Islam RM, Barr ELM, Gregg EW, Pavkov ME, Harding JL, et al. Trends in incidence of total or type 2 diabetes: systematic review. BMJ 2019;11;366:l5003. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.l5003
3. World Health Organization. Diabetes. Accessed December 17, 2020. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes
4. Kim B-Y, Won JC, Lee JH, Kim HS, Park JH, Ha KH, et al. Diabetes Fact Sheets in Korea, 2018: an appraisal of current status. Diabetes Metab J 2019;43(4):487–494. DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2019.0067
5. Carpenter MW, Coustan DR. Criteria for screening tests for gestational diabetes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1982;144(7):768–773. DOI: 10.1016/0002-9378(82)90349-0
6. Metzger BE, Lowe LP, Dyer AR, Trimble ER, Chaovarindr U, Coustan DR, et al. Hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes. N Engl J Med 2008;358(19):1991–2002. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa0707943
7. National Diabetes Data Group. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and other categories of glucose intolerance. Diabetes 1979;28(12):1039–1057. DOI: 10.2337/diab.28.12.1039
8. International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups Consensus Panel. International association of diabetes and pregnancy study groups recommendations on the diagnosis and classification of hyperglycemia in pregnancy. Diabetes Care 2010;33(3):676–682. DOI: 10.2337/dc09-1848
9. Vandorsten JP, Dodson WC, Espeland MA, Grobman WA, Guise JM, Mercer BM, et al. NIH consensus development conference: diagnosing gestational diabetes mellitus. NIH Consens State Sci Statements 2013;29(1):1–31.
10. Caughey AB. Gestational diabetes mellitus. Obstet Gynecol 2017;130(1):E17–E31. DOI: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000002159
11. Kim MK, Ko SH, Kim BY, Kang ES, Noh J, Kim SK, et al. 2019 Clinical practice guideline for type 2 diabetes mellitus in Korea. Diabetes Metab J 2019;43(4):398–406. DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2019.0137
12. McIntyre HD, Catalano P, Zhang C, Desoye G, Mathiesen ER, Damm P. Gestational diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2019;5(1):1–19. DOI: 10.1038/s41572-019-0098-8
13. Buchanan TA, Xiang AH, Page KA. Gestational diabetes mellitus: risks and management during and after pregnancy. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2012;8(11):639–649. DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2012.96
14. Gruendhammer M, Brezinka C, Lechleitner M. The number of abnormal plasma glucose values in the oral glucose tolerance test and the feto-maternal outcome of pregnancy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2003;108(2):131–136. DOI: 10.1016/s0301-2115(02)00370-6
15. Kim H, Chang K, Yang J, Yang S, Lee H, Ryu H. Clinical outcomes of pregnancy with one elevated glucose tolerance test value. Int J Gynecol Obstet 2002;78(2):131–138. DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7292(02)00129-7
16. American Diabetes Association. 14. Management of Diabetes in Pregnancy: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2020 . Diabetes Care 2020;43(Supplement 1):S183–S192. DOI: 10.2337/dc20-S014
17. Hur J, Cho EH, Baek KH, Lee KJ. Prediction of gestational diabetes mellitus by unconjugated estriol levels in maternal serum. Int J Med Sci 2017;14:5. DOI: 10.7150/ijms.17321
18. Cho EH, Hur J, Lee KJ. Early gestational weight gain rate and adverse pregnancy outcomes in Korean women. PLoS One 2015;10(10):e0140376. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140376
19. Van De Schoot R, Sijbrandij M, Winter SD, Depaoli S, Vermunt JK. The GRoLTS-checklist: guidelines for reporting on latent trajectory studies. Struct Equ Modeling 2017;24(3):451–467. DOI:10.1080/10705511.2016.1247646
20. Hulman A, Vistisen D, Glümer C, Bergman M, Witte D, Færch KK. Glucose patterns during an oral glucose tolerance test and associations with future diabetes, cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality rate. Diabetologia 2018;61(1):101–107. DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4468-z
21. Scrucca L, Fop M, Murphy TB, Raftery AE. mclust 5: clustering, classification and density estimation using Gaussian finite mixture models. R J 2016;8(1):289.
22. International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas 9th edition. Accessed December 24, 2020 from https://diabetesatlas.org/en/
23. Kim S, Min W, Chun S, Lee W, Chung H-J, Lee PR, et al. Quantitative risk estimation for large for gestational age using the area under the 100‐g oral glucose tolerance test curve. J Clin Lab Anal 2009;23(4):231–236. DOI: 10.1002/jcla.20326
24. Zhang C, Wei Y, Sun W, Yang H. The area under the curve (AUC) of oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) could be a measure method of hyperglycemia in all pregnant women. Open J Obstet Gynecol 2019;9(2):186–195. DOI: 10.4236/ojog.2019.92019
Table 1. Demographic characteristics of GDM and normal participants