References
1. Freeman RK, Vallières E, Verrier ED, Karmy-Jones R, Wood DE.
Descending necrotizing mediastinitis: An analysis of the effects of
serial surgical debridement on patient mortality. J Thorac
Cardiovasc Surg . 2000;119:260-267.
2. Karkos PD, Leong SC, Beer H, Apostolidou MT, Panarese A. Challenging
airways in deep neck space infections. Am J Otolaryngol .
2007;28:415-418.
3. Endo S, Murayama F, Hasegawa T, et al. Guideline of surgical
management based on diffusion of descending necrotizing mediastinitis.Jpn J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg . 1999;47:14-19.
4. Sandner A, Börgermann J, Kösling S, Silber RE, Bloching MB.
Descending necrotizing mediastinitis: early detection and radical
surgery are crucial. J Oral Maxillofac Surg . 2007;65:794-800.
5. Pinto A, Scaglione M, Scuderi MG, Tortora G, Daniele S, Romano L.
Infections of the neck leading to descending necrotizing mediastinitis:
Role of multi-detector row computed tomography. Eur J Radiol .
2008;65:389-394.
6. Celakovsky P, Kalfert D, Tucek L, et al. Deep neck infections: risk
factors for mediastinal extension. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol .
2014;271:1679-1683.
7. Kimura A, Miyamoto S, Yamashita T. Clinical predictors of descending
necrotizing mediastinitis after deep neck infections.Laryngoscope . 2020;130:E567-e572.
8. Prado-Calleros HM, Jimenez-Fuentes E, Jimenez-Escobar I. Descending
necrotizing mediastinitis: Systematic review on its treatment in the
last 6 years, 75 years after its description. Head Neck . 2016;38
Suppl 1:E2275-2283.
9. Moncada R, Warpeha R, Pickleman J, et al. Mediastinitis from
odontogenic and deep cervical infection. Anatomic pathways of
propagation. Chest . 1978;73:497-500.
10. Karkas A, Chahine K, Schmerber S, Brichon PY, Righini CA. Optimal
treatment of cervical necrotizing fasciitis associated with descending
necrotizing mediastinitis. Br J Surg . 2010;97:609-615.
11. Kinzer S, Pfeiffer J, Becker S, Ridder GJ. Severe deep neck space
infections and mediastinitis of odontogenic origin: clinical relevance
and implications for diagnosis and treatment. Acta Otolaryngol .
2009;129:62-70.
12. Huang TT, Liu TC, Chen PR, Tseng FY, Yeh TH, Chen YS. Deep neck
infection: analysis of 185 cases. Head Neck . 2004;26:854-860.
13. Ovassapian A, Tuncbilek M, Weitzel EK, Joshi CW. Airway management
in adult patients with deep neck infections: a case series and review of
the literature. Anesth Analg . 2005;100:585-589.
14. Wheatley MJ, Stirling MC, Kirsh MM, Gago O, Orringer MB. Descending
necrotizing mediastinitis: transcervical drainage is not enough.Ann Thorac Surg . 1990;49:780-784.
15. Mazhar K, Gunawardana M, Webster P, et al. Bacterial biofilms and
increased bacterial counts are associated with airway stenosis.Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg . 2014;150:834-840.
16. Brunelli A, Sabbatini A, Catalini G, Fianchini A. Descending
necrotizing mediastinitis. Surgical drainage and tracheostomy.Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg . 1996;122:1326-1329.
17. Allen D, Loughnan TE, Ord RA. A re-evaluation of the role of
tracheostomy in Ludwig’s angina. J Oral Maxillofac Surg .
1985;43:436-439.