REFERENCES
1. Regitz-Zagrosek V, Roos-Hesselink JW, Bauersachs J, et al. 2018 ESC
Guidelines for the management of cardiovascular diseases during
pregnancy. Eur Heart J 2018;39:3165-3241.
2. Bateman BT, Bansil P, Hernandez-Diaz S, et al. Prevalence, trends,
and outcomes of chronic hypertension: a nationwide sample of delivery
admissions. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2012;206:134 e131-138.
3. Orbach H, Matok I, Gorodischer R, et al. Hypertension and
antihypertensive drugs in pregnancy and perinatal outcomes. Am J Obstet
Gynecol 2013;208:301 e301-306.
4. Zetterström K, Lindeberg SN, Haglund B, et al. Maternal complications
in women with chronic hypertension: a population-based cohort study.
Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2005;84:419-424.
5. Su CY, Lin HC, Cheng HC, et al. Pregnancy outcomes of
anti-hypertensives for women with chronic hypertension: a
population-based study. PLoS One 2013;8:e53844.
6. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG Practice
Bulletin No. 203: Chronic Hypertension in Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol
2019;133:e26-e50.
7. Hypertension in pregnancy: diagnosis and management. NICE guideline
[NG133]. 2019. (Accessed May 14, 2020, at
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng133.)
8. Brown MA, Magee LA, Kenny LC, et al. The hypertensive disorders of
pregnancy: ISSHP classification, diagnosis & management recommendations
for international practice. Pregnancy Hypertens 2018;13:291-310.
9. Abalos E, Duley L, Steyn DW, et al. Antihypertensive drug therapy for
mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst
Rev 2018;10:CD002252.
10. Rezk M, Emarh M, Masood A, et al. Methyldopa versus labetalol or no
medication for treatment of mild and moderate chronic hypertension
during pregnancy: a randomized clinical trial. Hypertens Pregnancy
2020;39:393-398.
11. Magee LA, Singer J, von Dadelszen P, et al. Less-tight versus tight
control of hypertension in pregnancy. N Engl J Med 2015;372:2367-2368.
12. Magee LA, Group CS, von Dadelszen P, et al. Do labetalol and
methyldopa have different effects on pregnancy outcome? Analysis of data
from the Control of Hypertension In Pregnancy Study (CHIPS) trial. BJOG
2016;123:1143-1151.
13. Meidahl Petersen K, Jimenez-Solem E, Andersen JT, et al.
beta-Blocker treatment during pregnancy and adverse pregnancy outcomes:
a nationwide population-based cohort study. BMJ Open 2012;2.
14. Hoeltzenbein M, Beck E, Fietz AK, et al. Pregnancy Outcome After
First Trimester Use of Methyldopa: A Prospective Cohort Study.
Hypertension 2017;70:201-208.
15. Nakhai-Pour HR, Rey E, Bérard A. Antihypertensive medication use
during pregnancy and the risk of major congenital malformations or
small-for-gestational-age newborns. Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod
Toxicol 2010;89:147-154.
16. Ray JG, Vermeulen MJ, Burrows EA, et al. Use of antihypertensive
medications in pregnancy and the risk of adverse perinatal outcomes:
McMaster Outcome Study of Hypertension In Pregnancy 2 (MOS HIP 2). BMC
Pregnancy Childbirth 2001;1:6.
17. Koebnick C, Langer-Gould AM, Gould MK, et al. Sociodemographic
characteristics of members of a large, integrated health care system:
comparison with US Census Bureau data. Perm J 2012;16:37-41.
18. Pocobelli G, Yu O, Fuller S, et al. One-Step Approach to Identifying
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Association With Perinatal Outcomes.
Obstet Gynecol 2018;132:859-867.
19. Chen L, Pocobelli G, Yu O, et al. Early Pregnancy Hemoglobin A1C and
Pregnancy Outcomes: A Population-Based Study. Am J Perinatol
2019;36:1045-1053.
20. Lawrence JM, Andrade SE, Avalos LA, et al. Prevalence, trends, and
patterns of use of antidiabetic medications among pregnant women,
2001-2007. Obstet Gynecol 2013;121:106-114.
21. Hansen C, Andrade SE, Freiman H, et al. Trimethoprim-sulfonamide use
during the first trimester of pregnancy and the risk of congenital
anomalies. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2016;25:170-178.
22. Andrade SE, Scott PE, Davis RL, et al. Validity of health plan and
birth certificate data for pregnancy research. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug
Saf 2013;22:7-15.
23. Baldwin E, Johnson K, Berthoud H, et al. Linking mothers and infants
within electronic health records: a comparison of deterministic and
probabilistic algorithms. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2015;24:45-51.
24. Lydon-Rochelle MT, Holt VL, Cardenas V, et al. The reporting of
pre-existing maternal medical conditions and complications of pregnancy
on birth certificates and in hospital discharge data. Am J Obstet
Gynecol 2005;193:125-134.
25. Lydon-Rochelle MT, Holt VL, Nelson JC, et al. Accuracy of reporting
maternal in-hospital diagnoses and intrapartum procedures in Washington
State linked birth records. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2005;19:460-471.
26. Chen L, Shortreed SM, Easterling T, et al. Identifying hypertension
in pregnancy using electronic medical records: The importance of blood
pressure values. Pregnancy Hypertens 2020;19:112-118.
27. Oken E, Kleinman KP, Rich-Edwards J, et al. A nearly continuous
measure of birth weight for gestational age using a United States
national reference. BMC Pediatr 2003;3:6.
28. Palmsten K, Huybrechts KF, Kowal MK, et al. Validity of maternal and
infant outcomes within nationwide Medicaid data. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug
Saf 2014;23:646-655.
29. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 202: Gestational Hypertension and
Preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol 2019;133:e1-e25.
30. Efron B, Tibshirani RJ. An Introduction to the Bootstrap. New York:
Chapman & Hall; 1993.
31. Austin PC. Variance estimation when using inverse probability of
treatment weighting (IPTW) with survival analysis. Stat Med
2016;35:5642-5655.
32. Robins JM, Hernán MA, Brumback B. Marginal structural models and
causal inference in epidemiology. Epidemiology 2000;11:550-560.
33. Robins JM. Marginal Structural Models versus Structural nested
Models as Tools for Causal inference. In: Halloran ME, Berry D, eds.
Statistical Models in Epidemiology, the Environment, and Clinical
Trials. New York, NY: Springer New York; 2000:95-133.
34. Austin PC. Balance diagnostics for comparing the distribution of
baseline covariates between treatment groups in propensity-score matched
samples. Stat Med 2009;28:3083-3107.
35. Austin PC, Stuart EA. Moving towards best practice when using
inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) using the propensity
score to estimate causal treatment effects in observational studies.
Stat Med 2015;34:3661-3679.
36. LeFevre ML, Force USPST. Low-dose aspirin use for the prevention of
morbidity and mortality from preeclampsia: U.S. Preventive Services Task
Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med 2014;161:819-826.
37. Webster LM, Myers JE, Nelson-Piercy C, et al. Labetalol Versus
Nifedipine as Antihypertensive Treatment for Chronic Hypertension in
Pregnancy: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Hypertension 2017;70:915-922.
38. Easterling T, Mundle S, Bracken H, et al. Oral antihypertensive
regimens (nifedipine retard, labetalol, and methyldopa) for management
of severe hypertension in pregnancy: an open-label, randomised
controlled trial. Lancet 2019;394:1011-1021.
39. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ Committee on
Practice Bulletins-Obstetrics. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 203: Chronic
Hypertension in Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2019;133:e26-e50.
40. Innes A, Gemmell HG, Smith FW, et al. The short term effects of oral
labetalol in patients with chronic renal disease and hypertension. J Hum
Hypertens 1992;6:211-214.
41. Sanders GL, Davies DM, Gales GM, et al. A comparative study of
methyldopa and labetalol in the treatment of hypertension. Br J Clin
Pharmacol 1979;8:149s-151s.
42. Wallin JD, Wilson D, Winer N, et al. Treatment of severe
hypertension with labetalol compared with methyldopa and furosemide.
Results of a long-term, double-blind, multicenter trial. Am J Med
1983;75:87-94.