Fig. 1. Effects of nitrogen addition and mowing on biomass resistance (B rst), biomass recovery (B rc), structural resistance (S rst) and structural recovery (S rc) of grassland communities experiencing drought in three consecutive growing seasons. Bars indicate means ± SE. Different letters above or below the bars indicate significant differences (P < 0.05) among treatments. C: control; N: nitrogen addition; M: mowing; NM: nitrogen addition plus mowing.
Fig. 2. Effects of nitrogen addition and mowing on biomass resistance (B rst) and recovery (B rc) of L. chinensis , and structural resistance (S rst) and structural recovery (S rc) of dominant species assemblages experiencing drought in three consecutive growing seasons. Bars indicate means ± SE. Different letters above or below the bars indicate significant differences (P < 0.05) among treatments. C: control; N: nitrogen addition; M: mowing; NM: nitrogen addition plus mowing.
Fig. 3. The final structural equation model relating nitrogen deposition and mowing to a ) biomass resistance (B rst) and structural resistance (S st), b ) biomass recovery (B rc) and structural recovery (S rc) of our study grassland. L .C .: L. chinensis . The final models adequately fitted the data (a : χ2 = 16.65,P = 0.082, df = 10, AIC = 66.65; b : χ2= 20.78, P = 0.054, df = 12, AIC = 66.78). Solid and dashed arrows indicate positive and negative pathways, respectively (nsP > 0.10, ^P < 0.10, *P< 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001). Arrow width is proportional to the strength of the relationship. Numbers along the arrows are standardized path coefficients indicating the effect size of the relationship. The proportion of variance explained (R 2) appears alongside the response variables in the models.
Figure 1