Discussion
In finding that ‘Chardonnay’ leaf traits covary and trade-off along an intragenotype LES, we contribute a new understanding of how LES traits covary in one of the world’s most commercially important and widespread crop species. This finding adds to the few existing studies that have quantified within-species or -genotype Leaf Economics Spectra in crops (Gagliardi et al., 2015; Hayes et al., 2019; Martin & Isaac, 2021; Martin et al., 2017), and complements the extensive literature documenting the causes and consequences of ecophysiological variation in grapevines (Keller, 2020). Moreover, our work here contributes to an understanding of how soil compaction—a critical feature of agricultural systems globally—is a managed environmental factor, correlated with crop differentiation along multivariate functional trait spectra.