Rationale: To understand the risk factors for catheter-related infection during treatment of pediatric cancer is essential to implement measures to prevent its occurrence. Methods: We performed a systematic review of the literature with meta-analysis to identify and synthesize the main risk factors for catheter-related infection in children with cancer. Systematic searches were conducted in Medline, Embase, Lilacs, and BVS. Results: Thirteen studies were included. Risk factors were divided into host-related, assistance-related, and catheter types. Diagnosis of hematological neoplasm, the intensity of treatment, blood transfusion in the 4-7 days before the infection, type of long-term catheters, inpatient treatment, and a longer period of hospitalization were the most consistent risk factors. Conclusions: Education for preventive measures, reduction of hospitalization, wisely choosing the most adequate type of catheter, and the best moment for catheter insertion may reduce the occurrence of catheter-related infection.