Study area
We conducted this study in 61 stream sites distributed across two different Neotropical areas (31 in Amazonia and 30 in Uruguay), which are characterized by different climatic conditions. Amazonia has a tropical climate with a mean annual temperature of 26.8ºC and mean precipitation of 2136.8 mm year-1. Uruguay has a subtropical climate, with a mean annual temperature of 17.4ºC and mean precipitation approximately 1203.3 mm year-1. In both Amazonia and Uruguay, land-use types were monitored yearly at the stream site scale. All survey campaigns followed standardized sampling protocols (see sampling of biotic communities in Supporting Information), including fish, arthropods, macrophytes, and regular measurements of in-stream environmental conditions. Specifically, each stream was sampled twice, during a dry and rainy season, totaling 122 sampling events (between 2017 and 2019).