Author and Reference
|
Study Location
|
Sample Size
|
Specimen Sources/ Sample Type
|
Targeted pathogens
|
Virus Identified |
Study Population
|
Type of study
|
Findings
|
Corwin et al. 1998 16
|
Irian Jaya
|
NA
|
NA
|
influenza virus
|
influenza A
|
Young adults between 15–44 years of age
|
Outbreak reporting, Case and control study |
Young adults aged 15–44 years accounted for the largest percentage of
influenza virus outbreak-related deaths
|
Djelantik et al. 2003 60 | Lombok Island | 2677 | Nasopharyngeal washes | RSV | RSV | Children between 0-2 years of age with severe lower respiratory illness | Hospital based passive surveillance study | For children 0-1 and 0-2 years of age, the estimated incidence of severe RSV LRI hospitalization was 25 per 1000 child-years and 14 per 1000 child-years respectively |
Djelantik et al. 2003 59
|
Lombok Island
|
4351
|
NA
|
NA
|
RSV
|
Children 0-2 years of age admitted for pneumonia |
Population based retrospective cohort study
|
Among children hospitalized for pneumonia, age < 4 months and
hypoxia were identified as higher risk factors for death
|
Beckett et al. 2004 17
|
Jakarta, West Java, Yogyakarta, Makassar, Sulawesi, and Bali
|
1544
|
Nasal and pharyngeal swabs
|
influenza virus
|
influenza A (H1N1 and H3N2)
|
Adults (age, >14 years) and children (age, 4–14 years) with respiratory symptoms |
Laboratory based passive surveillance study
|
Peak prevalence of influenza infection tended to coincide with the
respective rainy seasons
|
Robertson et al. 2004 56 | West Java | 640 | Nasopharyngeal specimens | RSV | RSV | children between 0- 5 years of age | Hospital based passive RSV surveillance | The incidence of RSV-associated LRI per 1000 child-years was 34 in Indonesia. In Indonesia and Mozambique, RSV cases occurred primarily during the rainy season |
Kandun et al. 2006 29
|
Jakarta
|
8
|
Serum, nasaland , throat swabs, tracheal aspirates |
influenza A H5N1
|
influenza A H5N1
|
Patients between 1-38 years of age with avian influenza H5N1
infection
|
Outbreak investigation
|
Clusters of human infection with clade 2 H5N1 viruses included mild,
severe, and fatal cases amongst family members
|
Sedyaningsih et al. 2007 34
|
West Java, North Sumatera |
598
|
Throatand, nasal swab, serum, endotracheal aspirates and washes,
lung-biopsy
|
influenza A H5N1
|
influenza A H5N1
|
Patients with suspected H5N1 virus infection with a median age of 18.5 years. |
Outbreak investigation
|
Sporadic and family clusters of cases of avian influenza H5N1 infection,
with a high case-fatality proportion, occurred throughout Indonesia
during 2005–2006
|
Giriputro et al. 2008 30 | Jakarta | 296 | NA | influenza A H5N1 | influenza A H5N1 | Children and adults 1- 40 years of age | Retrospective case series | Most patients were younger and had indirect contact with infected poultry. The majority of cases were presented to the hospital after having systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) |
Kandun et al. 2008 38
|
Indonesia (location not defined) |
127
|
NA
|
influenza A H5N1
|
influenza A H5N1
|
Patients with a median age of 20 years with H5N1 infection
|
Case series
|
Early identification of suspected cases for treatment was difficult because of the very low incidence of the influenza and the common occurrence of ILI |
Omer et al 2008 58 | Lombok island | 2878 | Nasopharyngeal swabs | RSV | RSV | Hospitalized children between 0-2 years of age | Hospital based passive surveillance study for Haemophilus influenza type B (Hib) project | Statistical association of monsoon-associated weather with localized RSV outbreaks suggested local factors influence RSV disease transmission |
Santhia et al 2009 31
|
Bali
|
87
|
Serum, cloacal, tracheal swabs, throat and nasal swabs
|
influenza A H5N1
|
influenza A H5N1
|
Household participants from village with H5N1 outbreaks; Humans, Birds (poultry), pigs/swine survey at live bird markets |
Behavioral, virological and seroepidemiological survey
|
Transmission of H5N1 to humans remained a rare event despite high levels
of handling both healthy and sick birds
|
Adisasmito et al. 2010 39 | Throughout Indonesia | 93 | NA | influenza A H5N1 | influenza A H5N1 | Laboratory-confirmed H5N1 influenza cases with median age of 18 years | Observational study | Fatality, due to influenza A H5N1, may be related to delay in initiation of treatment after presentation |
Dilantika et al. 2010 18
|
Jakarta, Java, Yogyakarta, Bali, Sulawesi, North Sumatra
|
733
|
Stool samples, nasal and throat swabs
|
influenza virus
|
influenza A (H1N1 and H3N2) Influenza B |
Pediatric patients (0-6 years of age) presenting with concurrent
diarrhea and influenza-like illness
|
Hospital based passive surveillance study
|
In children, the influenza virus infection may be localized in the
gastrointestinal tract and cause pediatric diarrhea
|
Ramadhany et al. 2010 19
|
8 provinces of Indonesia
|
549
|
Nasal and throat swabs
|
influenza virus
|
i influenza A (H1N1) and influenza B |
SARI patients
|
Hospital based passive SARI surveillance
|
There were 21 (4%) cases caused by influenza A and 12 (2%) caused by influenza B |
Vivi et al. 2010 36
|
Jakarta, Sukabumi |
711
|
Sera
|
influenza A H5N1
|
influenza A H5N1
|
Poultry farmers and workers in poultry processing facilities
|
Observational study
|
Poultry workers were found to have asymptomatic H5N1 virus infection but
no viral antibodies were detected among poultry farmers
|
Yupiana et al. 2010 37 | Java | 794 | NA | influenza A H5N1 | influenza A H5N1 | Humans and poultry | Descriptive epidemiological study and outbreak investigation | Human infection with avian influenza H5N1 was associated with poultry outbreaks |
Aditama et al. 2011 67 | Throughout Indonesia | 139 | NA | influenza A H5N1 | influenza A H5N1 | Risk factors for avian influenza H5N1 infection were analyzed among a population all age groups. | Outbreak investigation | Avian influenza H5N1 infection is influenced by, and may even depend on, host genetic susceptibility |
Simoes et al. 2011 57 | Kota Bandung | 2014 | NA | RSV | RSV | Children between 0-5 years of age | Cohort study | In children between 0-6 months old, the incidence of RSV associated lower respiratory infection was relatively low (less than 5%), most RSV-related disease occurred in older children |
Yamaoka et al. 2011 68 | East Java | 635 | Pharyngeal swabs | influenza virus | influenza A(H3N3, pandemic H1N1 2009), influenza B | Patients ranging from all age groups. | Hospital based passive ILI surveillance study | Younger patients with milder symptoms were found to have pandemic (H1N1) 2009 viruses |
Aditama et al. 2012 69
|
Throughout Indonesia
|
673
|
Serum, nasal and throat swabs
|
influenza A H5N1
|
influenza A H5N1
|
Children and adults from 0-30 years of age
|
Outbreak Investigation and disease transmission analysis
|
The overall household attack rate was 18.3% and secondary attack rate was 5.5%. The mean interval between onset of subsequent cases in outbreaks was 5.6 days. |
Agustiningsih et al. 2012 70
|
Throughout Indonesia
|
230
|
Nasal and throat swabs, tracheal aspirate, bronchoalveolar lavage
|
influenza A/H5N1
|
influenza A, enteroviru, human rhinoviru, CoV 229E/NL 63, HADV, BoV,
parainfluenza virus -1,2,3, 4
|
Hospitalized suspected influenza H5N1 patients with ARI Children: 0-17 years of age Adults:15- 60 years of age |
NA
|
In children and adults, bacterial infections remain the most common
etiologies of acute respiratory infections although there were
infections caused by viruses. Bacterial and viral co-infections were
identified among adults and children
|
Prawira et al. 2012 71 | Jakarta | 321 | NA | influenza A H5N1 | influenza A H5N1 | Hospitalized patients with influenza A H5N1 with median ages of 7 and 25 years of age for children and adults respectively, | NA | Patients usually developed rapid clinical deterioration and fatal outcomes. Deaths were mostly due to Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and usually occurred on day 7. Adults had a higher mortality rate |
Kosasih et al. 2013 13
|
Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan, Bali, Lombok, Sulawesi, Maluku, Timor,
Papua
|
21030
|
Nasal and throat swabs
|
influenza Virus |
influenza A(H3N2,H1N1), influenza A H5N1, Influenza B
|
ILI patients with a median age of 17 years (mean age, 21.1 years; range, 1 month- 90 years of age) |
Primary health centers and hospitals based passive ILI
surveillance
|
Among outpatients and hospitalized patients, influenza A and B showed
year-round circulation and were important causes of ILI.
|
Ikawati et al. 2014 26 | Java | 625 | NA | NA | influenza A, influenza B, influenza A subtypes H1, H3, H5, pH1 | Children between 0-5 years of age and adults >50 years of age | Passive ILI surveillance using National institute of health research and development (NHRD) data | ILI cases occurred most commonly in children aged 0-5 years old. Males tended to experience ILI more frequently than females. ILI cases occur mostly among children aged 0-5 and 6-12 years old. The incidence of ILI dropped in 13–17-year-olds but increased again in the 18-34 age groups. |
WHO et al. 2014 72 | Throughout Indonesia | 3 | NA | influenza A H5N1 | influenza A H5N1 | NA | NA | NA |
Pangesti et al. 2014 20 | Throughout Indonesia | 333 | Serum, nasal and throat swabs | influenza virus | influenza A, H3, pH1, H5 | Adults and children from all age groups | Hospital based passive SARI surveillance | Among the total SARI cases the proportion of influenza A was 5 % and influenza B was 1%. |
Zaman et al. 2014 35
|
Azerbaijan, Indonesia, Pakistan and Turkey
|
259
|
NA
|
influenza A H5N1
|
influenza A H5N1
|
Patients with possible or confirmed H5N1 infection with a median age of
17 years
|
Used data from international patients registry for human cases of avain
influenza
|
Confirmed cases were more likely to have had direct contact with another confirmed case. Unexplained respiratory illness, sore throat, excess sputum production, and rhinorrhea were more frequent in possible cases |
Caini et al. 2015 73
|
Global
|
3653
|
NA
|
influenza virus
|
influenza A, influenza B
|
Outpatients and Inpatients |
Passive surveillance, used data from national influenza centers of 43
countries.
|
Influenza B co-circulates with influenza A and accounts for roughly 20%
of total cases in all regions of the world
|
Farida et al. 2015 74
|
Semarang
|
148
|
Sputum, throat swabs, blood, sera, urine
|
viruses and bacteria
|
influenza A, influenza B, rhino virus, parainfluenza virus, human
coronavirus (HcoV OC43), adeno virus, human metapneumovirus, RSV
|
Adult patients admitted with community acquired pneumonia with a median age of 58 years |
Prospective cohort study
|
Viruses and gram-negative bacilli are dominant causes of community
acquired pneumonia in Semarang and Central Java
|
Prasetyo et al.2015 64 | Central Java | 106 | Nasal and throat swabs | respiratory viruses and torque teno viruses | influenza A H3, influenza B virus, HMPV, HRV, adeno virus, human corona virus (HCoV-OC43), HPIV, TTV | Adult patients with ARI, ILI, or SARI ranging from 0-20 and >81 years of age | Hospital based passive ILI and SARI surveillance | First report of the circulation of HMPV, human adenovirus B, HCoV-OC43, and HPIV-3 in Indonesia |
Storms et al. 2015 21 | East Jakarta | 5065 | NA | influenza virus | influenza A (pandemic (H1N1) 2009, H3), influenza A H5N1, influenza B | Outpatients with ILI and hospitalized patients with SARI in all age groups. | Hospital based passive ILI surveillance | 34.5% of ILI cases and 15.4 % of SARI cases were tested positive for influenza A, |
Wertheim et al. 2015 61
|
Thailand, Vietnam and Indonesia
|
225 (Indonesia ) |
Nasal, and throat swabs, nasopharyngeal, and tracheal aspirates, nasal
wash, bronchoalveolar lavage
|
viruses and bacteria
|
entero virus, rhinovirus, boca virus, RSV, para influenza virus -1,2,3,4
adenovirus, influenza A, and B, HMPV, coronavirus (HCoV-OC43),
coronavirus e229, enteroviruses, paraecho virus,
|
Patients hospitalized with suspected influenza 0-5 and > 65
years of age
|
Passive surveillance from archived samples
|
In patients hospitalized with ILI, respiratory viruses were the most commonly detected pathogen. Rhinovirus was the most frequently detected virus accounting for 32% of the patients in whom viral pathogens were detected. |
Caini et al. 2016 28 | Global | 4231 | NA | influenza virus | influenza A, influenza B | NA | Retrospective analysis of surveillance data (2000 -2014) | Reliable surveillance data is not yet available for many countries in the intertropical belt |
Wiyatno et al 2016 63 | Bandung | 209 | Preserved sera | coxsackievirus | coxsackievirus | Archived specimens available from non-dengue cases | Retrospective study from archived samples | The first case of coxsackievirus (CVB3) from an undifferentiated febrile illness specimen from Indonesia |
Adam et al. 2017 75
|
Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, East Indonesia
|
334
|
Nasal and throat swabs
|
NA
|
influenza A, influenza B, RSV, rhinovirus adeno virus, enterovirus, parainfluenza virus, bocavirus | ILI patients with a median age of 9 years |
Hospital based passive ILI surveillance
|
The most frequent combination of viruses identified were adenovirus and
human rhinovirus
|
Haji et al. 2017 32
|
Global
|
175 (Indonesia)
|
NA
|
influenza A H5N1
|
influenza A H5N1
|
Individuals 0-16 and >63 years of age |
Retrospective analysis of data reported to WHO (1997-2017)
|
Mortality in Indonesia due to H5N1 remained high
|
Root et al. 2017 27 | West Java | 163014 | Nasal and oropharyngeal swabs | influenza virus | influenza A (H3N2, H1N1 pdm09, H1N1), influenza B | Patients between 0-5 years of age with ILI cases and symptoms | Hospital based passive influenza surveillance | In rural Indonesian households with young children and poultry, there was an increase in influenza A virus infections. |
Amin et al. 2018 76
|
East Java
|
28,197
|
Oropharyngeal swabs
|
MERS-CoV
|
MERS-CoV
|
Returning Hajj Pilgrims with body temperature of > 38 °C accompanied by respiratory symptoms |
Active surveillance
|
Absence of infection due to MERS-CoV
|
Pawestri et al. 2018 77 |
24 Provinces of Indonesia
|
4752
|
Nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs
|
influenza virus
|
influenza A( H1N1 pdm09)
|
Patients with ILI and SARI
|
Hospital based passive ILI and SARI surveillance
|
Indicated the first occurrence of oseltamivir resistant influenza A,
(H1N1)pdm09 viruses in Indonesia
|
Susilarini et al. 2018 10 | Yogyakarta, East Kalimantan, North Sumatera | 1527 | Respiratory specimens | influenza virus | Influenza A( H1N1 pdm09,H3N2), influenza B | Inpatients screening for SARI, in patients 0-4 and > 70 years of age. | Public health center and hospital based active SARI surveillance | The overall estimated annual incidence of influenza-associated SARI ranged from 13-19 per 100 000 population Incidence was highest in children aged 0-4 years (82-114 per 100 000 population) |
Wignjadiputro et al. 2018 78 | North Sumatera, East Kalimantan, Yogyakarta, West Nusa Tenggara, North Sulawesi, Maluku | 1806 | Nasal and throat swabs | influenza virus | Influenza A(H3N2, H1N1)pdm09 and influenza B viruses. | Patients with SARI cases from 0-1 and ≥65 years of age. | Hospital based passive SARI surveillance study | Indonesia’s SARI surveillance system is flexible to incorporate surveillance for other viruses |
Wiyatno et al 2018 62
|
Jakarta
|
1
|
Serum, nasal swabs
|
rhinovirus C
|
rhinovirus C
|
4-year-old boy with increasing breathlessness for a week
|
Case report
|
In a child with acute onset of dilated cardiomyopathy, there was a possible association of rhinovirus C and myocarditis |
Lafond et al. 2019 22
|
Jakarta
|
9819
|
Nasal and throat swabs
|
influenza virus
|
influenza A ( H1N1 pdm09, H3N2), influenza A H5N1, influenza B
|
ILI case patients, SARI case patients between 0-5 or ≥65 years of age. |
Public health centers based passive surveillance
|
31% of ILI case-patients and 15% of SARI case-patients tested positive
for influenza virus Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, influenza A(H3N2), and
influenza B virus infections were detected for 3 years, and the epidemic
season extended from November through May
|
Pawestri et al. 2019 33 | 15 provinces of Indonesia | 180 | Nasal, pharyngeal, pleural, tracheal, bronchial, rectal, fecal, blood specimens | influenza A H5N1 | influenza A H5N1 | Patients with H5N1 infection, from 1- 67 years of age. | Retrospective study from clinical specimens | Of the 180 studied cases, 153 (85 %) were fatal. The case fatality rate increased from 73% in 2005 to 100% in 2012 and subsequent years |
Setianingsih et al. 2019 23
|
Jakarta
|
13
|
Sputum, oropharyngeal swabs, nasal swabs, nasopharyngeal swabs, and
serum
|
MERS-CoV, alphavirus,flavivirus, para myxovirus, herpes virus, henipa virus, hanta Virus, arenavirus and human metapneumovirus |
influenza virus (H1N1,H3N2) enterovirus (EV D68, rhinovirus C, and A60)
Coronavirus 229E, flavivirus, alphavirus, herpes simplex 1 virus, human
metapneumovirus, dengue 3 virus
|
Hospitalized patients with suspected MERS-CoV infection.Majority of patients presented with pneumonia and symptoms of fever, dyspnea, and cough ranging from 32- 79 years of age |
Observational study
|
The etiological agents detected in the samples were enterovirus D68,
dengue virus type 3, rhinovirus C, HCoV-229E, HSV-1, influenza virus
H1N1, influenza virus H3N2, HMPV, and rhinovirus A60
|
Anggraini et al. 2020 48 | Surakarta | 9 | Blood, nasal and throat swabs | NA | SARS CoV-2 | Pregnant women with SARS CoV-2 that were ≥20 years of age | Observational study | Pregnant women with neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) of < 58 had a decreased risk of COVID-19 |
Asyary et al. 2020 40 | Jakarta | NA | NA | NA | NA | Patients with SARS CoV-2 | Cross sectional study | Higher duration of sunlight exposure was related to more cases of recovery from COVID-19 disease among patients |
Burhan et al. 2020 79 | Jakarta | 3 | NA | SARS CoV-2 | SARS CoV-2 | Patients with SARS CoV-2 47-year-old man | Case report | CT-Scan might be a better diagnostic tool compared to RT-PCR in diagnosing COVID-19 |
Gasem et al. 2020 80 | Jakarta, Bandung, Yogyakarta, Semarang, Suryabaya, Bali, Makassar | 1,486 | Blood, nasal swabs, sputum, feces, urine | Pathogens causing febrile illness | NA | Children and adults ≥1 year of age, with body temperature of ≥38°C, and being hospitalized within the past 24 hours | Longitudinal cohort study | Indicated a lack of diagnosis of influenza in hospitals where most cases were diagnosed as non-specific upper respiratory tract infections or pneumonia |
Gunadi et al. 2020 54 | Yogyakarta | 15 | Nasopharyngeal swabs | SARS-CoV-2 | SARS-CoV-2 | Hospitalized patients with COVID-19 between 30 – 53 years of age | Observational study | SARS-CoV-2 with the D614G mutation appears to become the major circulating virus in Indonesia |
Hafiz et al. 2020 41 | Yogyakarta and Central Java | 30 | Nasopharyngeal swabs | SARS-CoV-2 | SARS-CoV-2 | Adult humans with SARS-CoV-2. 16 (53.3%) were male and 14 (46.6%) were female | Observational case series | Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and CXR are cost effective findings and can be used as a disease severity marker in primary health care to determine further referral |
Pitoyo et al. 2020 42 | Jakarta | 3 | Serum, oropharyngealand nasopharyngeal swabs | SARS-CoV-2, cytomegalovirus | cytomegalovirus | Adults above 60 years of age | Case report | Cytomegalovirus infection might be missed when depending only on CT scans and radiological reports |
Putra et al. 2020 43 | Jakarta | 1 | Oropharyngealand nasopharyngeal swabs | SARS-CoV-2 | SARS-CoV-2 | 29-year-old COVID with SARS-CoV-2 | Case report | A COVID-19 patient reported a pins and needles sensation, and exfoliation of the skin on their hands |
Ravindran et al. 2020 81 | Bali | 41 | NA | SARS-CoV-2 | SARS-CoV-2 | The median age of cases was 31 years (range 3–64 years), which was similar to non-cases at 30 years (range 3–71 years) | Retrospective cohort study | Social gatherings play important roles in transmission of COVID-19 |
Rozaliyani et al. 2020 44 | Jakarta | 4052 | Nasal and pharyngeal swabs | SARS-CoV-2 | SARS-CoV-2 | Participants’ age range was 0-9 and 70 years of age. The mean age of the patients were 45.8 years | Retrospective cohort study | Older age, dyspnea, pneumonia, and pre-existing hypertension were associated with SARS-CoV-2 related deaths |
Soedarsono et al. 2020 49 | Surabaya, East Java | 4 | NA | SARS-CoV-2 | SARS-CoV-2 | Adults 34- 58 years old with SARS-CoV-2 | Case studies | Infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 can present with different clinical manifestations. Some patients that had no symptoms initially, developed symptoms later on |
Somasetia et al. 2020 50 | Bandung | 1 | NA | SARS-CoV-2 | SARS-CoV-2 | 6-year-old male with SARS-CoV-2 infection | Case report | The patient was presented without classic upper respiratory symptoms of SARS-CoV-2, conjunctivitis, or rash and was instead presented with fever, acute abdominal pain, and shock |
Tenda et al. 2020 45 | Jakarta | 3 | Oropharyngeal andnasopharyngeal swabs | SARS-CoV-2 | SARS-CoV-2 | Older adults between 37- 57 years of age with SARS-CoV-2 | Case studies | Fever was the most common symptom of SARS-CoV-2. Gastrointestinal symptoms in the form of diarrhea appeared in only one patient. Only one patient had dry cough |
Widhidewi et al. 2020 24
|
Bali
|
200
|
Throat swabs
|
Family of paramyxoviridae, herpesviridae, coronaviridae, hantaviridae, adenoviridae, arenaviridae Genus of enterovirus, henipavirus, influenza A virus, bocavirus, Pneumovirinae viruses, Sub- family of RSV, human metapneumovirus | influenza A virus(H1N1, H1N2, ), enterovirus 84, coxsackievirus A6, and A24, rhinovirus A, and C, coxsackievirus B3, human adenovirus B2, B3, and C measles D8, and parainfluenza virus 3, bocavirus, RSV A, B, human metapneumovirus, human coronavirus OC43, cytomegalovirus |
Children and adults 0-6 and 80 years of age with acute respiratory tract
infections
|
Cohort studies of children and adults with Acute respiratory
infections
|
Positive detection rate of respiratory viruses was 490 % The most
common viruses detected were herpesviridae, enterovirus, influenza A and
RSV
|
Widysanto et al. 2020 52 | Tangerang City | 1 | NA | SARS-CoV-2 | SARS-CoV-2 | 48 year old male patient | Case report | Survival with hypoxia in a critical COVID-19-positive ICU hospitalized patient from Indonesia |
Wirawan et al. 2020 82 | Bali | NA | NA | SARS-CoV-2 | SARS-CoV-2 | NA | Modeling Study | NA |
Yasmin et al. 2020 51 | Bangdung | 1 | Nasopharyngeal, and pharyngeal specimens | SARS-CoV-2 | SARS-CoV-2 | 64-year-old female | Case report | Proposed a synergistic concept of lethal arrhythmia due to direct SARS-CoV-2-associated cardiac injury, hyperinflammatory response, and drug-induced arrhythmia |
Aman et al. 2021 25 | Bandung, Denpasar, Jakarta, Makassar, Semarang, Surabaya, and Yogyakarta | 420 | Blood, nasopharyngeal swabs, sputum, urine, feces | influenza virus, RSV, chikungunya virus, measles virus, human coronavirus OC-43, enterovirus, herpes virus, human metapneumovirus | influenza, RSV, chikungunya virus, measles, human coronavirus OC-43 enterovirus, herpesvirideae virus, human metapneumovirus | Adults and children either 0-1 or ≥60 years of age with SARI | Hospital based passive SARI surveillance | Implementation of the SARI criteria in tertiary referral hospitals would help identify potential influenza infections |
Baskara et al. 2021 46 | Yogyakarta | 1 | Nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs | SARS-CoV-2 | SARS-CoV-2 | 42 year old diabetic male with SARS-CoV-2 | Case report | First case of COVID-19 disease with active primary tuberculosis in Indonesia. Limited or no protection against COVID-19 is one of the problems that leads to co-infection |
Kadriyan et al. 2021 53 | Nusa Tenggara Barat | 2 | Nasopharyngeal, and oropharyngeal swabs | SARS-CoV-2 | SARS-CoV-2 | 26-year-old woman and 19-year-old man | Case report | The SARS- CoV2 gene remains detected in the tonsil and detritus even after the negative PCR report |
Riawati et al. 2021 47 | Yogyakarta | 7 | Nasopharyngeal, and oropharyngeal swabs | SARS-CoV-2 | SARS-CoV-2 | Young and older adults (36- 71 years of age) | Case reports | Chest X-ray (CXR) is considered more effective and useful for initial screening and follow-up of the progress of patients with COVID-19 |