5. Conclusions
The capacity of species to locate appropriate habitats in the face of a changing climate is influenced by many factors. In the case of the species under investigation, it appears that various elements, including geographical barriers and complex topography of the region, characterized by a hot and arid Saharo-Sindian climate, as well as limitations in seed dispersal (both species have heavy seeds), competition from indigenous species and invasive species like Prosopis juliflora, may impose constraints on the ability of Z. spina-christi and Z. nummularia to track and inhabit climatically suitable habitats in the future. Beyond these factors, the dynamic niche analysis demonstrates the preservation of the climatic niche of both species, implying that these species might encounter difficulties migrating to anticipated climatically suitable habitats in the future, given the projected climate scenarios. Climate change, while pivotal, does not operate in isolation when it comes to influencing species distribution. Other elements, such as land use and drought alterations, should also be viewed as interrelated variables warranting investigation in subsequent research endeavors, as they are influenced by global warming. Top of Form
In light of the historical fidelity of the species to their climatic niche and the precarious conditions characteristic of the Khalijo-Omanian hot and arid ecosystem, the proposal is to implement a comprehensive strategy and immediate conservation measures aimed at safeguarding these two invaluable species.
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Nevertheless, in order to substantiate the ability of these species to adapt to suitable habitats and to validate evolutionary hypotheses, it is imperative to take into account a range of factors, encompassing biological interactions, topographic variations, edaphic conditions, and phylogenetic considerations across diverse geographical scales. Such an approach can significantly enhance the accuracy of our predictions.