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\begin{document}

\title{Decoding the Hysteretic Behavior of Hydraulic Variables in Lowland
Rivers with Multivariate Monitoring Approaches}



\author[1]{K. Kim}%
\author[1]{Marian Muste}%
\author[2]{Dongsu Kim}%
\author[3]{G. Fleit}%
\affil[1]{The University of Iowa IIHR Hydroscience and Engineering}%
\affil[2]{Dankook University}%
\affil[3]{Budapesti Muszaki es Gazdasagtudomanyi Egyetem}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 21, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
This paper demonstrates that the multivariate monitoring methods are
capable to underpin the systematic investigation of the hysteretic
behavior occurring during gradually-varied flows. For this purpose, we
present simultaneous measurements of stage, index velocity, and
free-surface slope acquired continuously with high-frequency sampling
instruments deployed at several river gauging sites exposed to a range
of storm magnitudes. The experimental evidence reveals intrinsic
features of unsteady open-channel flow mechanics that are hinted by
pertinent governing equations but rarely substantiated with in-situ
measurements. The illustrations are intentionally made for fluvial waves
propagating at sites located in lowland areas where the relationships
among flow variables are most likely displaying hysteretic loops and
phasing in the hydraulic variable progression. The set of presented
measurements highlights that: a) the hysteretic behavior is apparent in
both time-independent and time-dependent graphical representations of
any two of the hydraulic variables; b) the severity of the hysteresis is
commensurate with the geomorphic, hydraulic, and hydrological
characteristics of the measurement site; and c) there is a pressing need
for changing the flow paradigms currently used in tracking flow
variables during gradually-varied flows. Also discussed are research
needs associated with flow hysteresis for advancing the understanding of
the mechanisms underlying the movement and storage of water in the
lowland river environments as well as for increasing the accuracy of
streamflow monitoring, modeling, and forecasting.%
\end{abstract}%



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\textbf{Hosted file}

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