2.3 Data collection
The questionnaire was divided into 3 sections, namely, demographic,
scale, and COVID-19-related questions, for a total of 36 questions. To
mitigate self-selection bias, the survey was self-administered through
web platforms. However, we acknowledge the limited options available to
control such bias. As a result, we believe that most of our participants
were motivated to participate due to their depressed state. The
questionnaire was digitized on Google Forms and distributed online via
hyperlinks, considering the social distancing measures imposed during
the COVID-19 pandemic, which restricted in-person interactions for data
collection purposes. Both Arabic and English versions of the
questionnaire were provided. The raw data collected from the
questionnaire were transferred to Excel for initial processing, followed
by secondary processing using SPSS software to obtain meaningful
information through precise data revision.