2.3 Data collection
The questionnaire was divided into 3 sections, namely, demographic, scale, and COVID-19-related questions, for a total of 36 questions. To mitigate self-selection bias, the survey was self-administered through web platforms. However, we acknowledge the limited options available to control such bias. As a result, we believe that most of our participants were motivated to participate due to their depressed state. The questionnaire was digitized on Google Forms and distributed online via hyperlinks, considering the social distancing measures imposed during the COVID-19 pandemic, which restricted in-person interactions for data collection purposes. Both Arabic and English versions of the questionnaire were provided. The raw data collected from the questionnaire were transferred to Excel for initial processing, followed by secondary processing using SPSS software to obtain meaningful information through precise data revision.