Since December 2019 from Wuhan, China coronavirus affected worldwide and spread pneumonia-like illness, currently named as coronavirus disease (COVID-19). It is spread through infected droplets; the major symptoms are dry cough with fever and general weakness. Elders and peoples with multiple diseases are more like to infected with COVID-19. Using disinfectant and face mask in public is the main preventive measure. Here in this review, we revised current knowledge about the disease, complications, diagnosis methods, and preventive measures.

This present case report will help all healthcare professionals aware and vigilant about the adverse drug reaction caused by drug combination glimipride, voglibose, metformin, and clomiphene citrate.

Purpose: This study aimed to assess COVID-19 awareness, attitude, practice, and post-infection effects, as well as vaccine acceptance, among general people in North India at the end of the first COVID-19 wave in India. Method: A cross-sectional, multicentred survey took place from 20 January to 28 February 2021 in Northern India, covering 8 states, including Haryana, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Jammu and Kashmir, Delhi, and Chandigarh to assess the KAP in the context of COVID-19. A validated questionnaire was distributed via social media (Instagram, WhatsApp), and responses were collected via a Google Form. Result: The total number of participants was n=813, out of which more than half of the responder were male (54.2%). The majority of respondents belong to the age category 18 to 29 years (66.9%) and (85.8%) of respondents come from a nuclear family. Mean (percentage) scores for knowledge, attitude, and practice were 57.91%, 60.98%, and 89.79% respectively. The vaccine acceptance in participants was quite high (70.8%), (67.7%) have a positive belief in vaccine efficacy, and (42.7%) of respondents were willing to take the vaccine at a health centre/clinic. Out of total participants (74.5%) believe that vaccines can control the spread of COVID-19. The prevalence of post-infection effects was more in females with a mean percentage of 52.94, like (94.1%) of females and (70.4%) of males. Conclusion: Although the overall KAP regarding COVID-19 disease was average and balanced in some areas (69.56% overall in all categories of KAP) in our participants. Our result finding shows that there are certain gaps in knowledge, attitude, and practice of participants which can be decreased by efficient and tailor-made health education initiatives. Due to these gaps, India is facing a second wave of COVID-19

Background: Diabetes is a chronic condition that requires lifelong treatment with anti-diabetic medications to achieve optimum blood sugar level and to prevent complications associated with it but medication non-adherence becomes a major barrier in attaining good glycemic control. Aim: The study was designed to determine the adherence rate to anti-diabetic medications and factors associated with medication non-adherence amongst diabetic patients in Punjab. Materials & Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out for 3 months on 138 diabetic patients who were using at least one hypoglycemic agent or were on insulin therapy. Hill-Bone Medication Adherence Scale (HB-MAS) - a 9 item questionnaire was used to measure adherence rate. Results: Medication adherence in the study population was above average. 89(64.5%) had high adherence followed by 41(29.7%) having moderate and 8(5.8%) having low adherence. Factors associated with medication non-adherence were age group 18-30 years, male, unmarried, and had a family monthly income < Rs 5000. Conclusion: The factors which affect medication adherence need to be evaluated at the constant interval for an individual patient. Patients must be educated about the disease and the benefits of adhering to their treatment regimen, which eventually improves the quality of life.

Background: Diabetes mellitus with coexisting hypertension contributes to increased morbidity and mortality. The study aimed to investigate the impact of the patients’ physical activity status and the type of cooking oil consumed by patients in their daily routine on glycemic profile, lipid profile, the hypertensive profile of the patients, and the length of stay, and overall cost of the treatment. Methods: A prospective observational study. All the patients referred to the medicine department of the three different hospitals located in Moga, City Punjab and those hospitalized due to diabetes mellitus (type-I and type-II) with coexisting hypertension were asked to participate in the study. Results: The patients’ mean age was found to be M= 53.85, SD= 11.54 years. Out of 1914 patients, 914 were male (47.8%); it was observed that the majority of the patients 525 (27.43%) in North India using butter or ghee- clarified butter as edible oil, followed by mustard oil 517 (27.01%) patients. About 345 (18.03%) of the patients consume soybean oil, whereas 226 (11.81%) of the patients like sunflower oil. Discussion: This study explored that cooking oil and physical activity are associated with length of stay in days & overall cost of the treatment, respectively. Our study results revealed that the type of oil compared with the treatment’s overall cost was significant for olive oil, soybean oil, and groundnut oil. Conclusion: The study revealed that moderate and low physical activity increases the length of stay compared to high physical activity. The consumption of olive oil as a regular food habit in daily routine decreases patients’ length of stay with diabetes with coexisting hypertension when doing the high physical activity but increases the overall cost of treatment.

Background: The global cases of Covid-19 increasing day by day. On Nov. 25, 2020, a total of 59,850,910 cases reported globally with a 1,411,216 global death. In India, total cases in the country now stand at 91,77,841 including 86,04,955 recoveries and 4,38,667 active cases as of Nov. 24, 2020, as per data issued by ICMR. A new generation of voice/audio analysis application which can tell whether the person is suffering from COVID-19 or not. Aims: To describe how to establish a new generation of voice/audio analysis applications to identify the suspected covid-19 hidden cases in hotspot areas with the help of an audio sample of the general public. Materials & Methods: The different patents and data available as literature on the internet are evaluated to make a new generation of voice/audio analysis application with the help of an audio sample of the general public. Results: The collection of the audio sample will be done from the already suffered covid-19 patients in (.Wave files) personally or through phone calls. The audio samples like the sound of the cough, the pattern of breathing, respiration rate, and way of speech will be recorded. The parameters will be evaluated for loudness, articulation, tempo, rhythm, melody, and timbre. The analysis and interpretation of the parameters can be made through machine learning and artificial intelligence to detect corona cases with an audio sample. Discussion: The voice/audio application current project can be merged with a mobile App called “Aarogya Setu” by Govt. of India. The project can be implemented in the high-risk area of Covid-19 in the country. Conclusion: This new method of detecting cases will decrease the workload in the covid-19 laboratory.

Introduction: The coexistence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension (HTN) worsen clinical outcomes and contribute to increased morbidity and mortality. Objective: This study aims to analyze the length of stay and healthcare costs by calculating the direct and indirect costs of diabetes with co-existing hypertension in North India. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted at the medicine department of the three different hospitals. Results: The patients’ mean age was found to be (M=53.8, SD=11.5) years. Out of 1914 patients, 53.65% were found female. Our study revealed that the median cost of medical supplies and equipment was found to be 21.2 $. The median cost of dialysis was found at 47.5 $; the median cost of hospitalization was found to be 142.6 $. The treatment’s median direct cost was 188.5 $, followed by the overall median cost of 295.6 $. The maximum overall cost of treatment was observed at 603.9 $. It was observed that that maximum LOS was found to be 14 days for patients having BPS between 140 to 159 mmHg and BPD between 110- 119 mmHg, and minimum LOS was found to be 3.5 days. Conclusion: The present study highlighted that diabetes co-existing hypertension poses a high economic burden on patients. This study explored that highly significant result for BPS, BPD, FBS, and HbA1c, whereas the significant results were obtained when RBS is compared with LOS and treatment costs. Our study concluded that a mean difference of 9.24 $ in patients having FBS: 261-290 mg/dl and > 290 mg/dL. The LOS increases 6.57 days for patients with BPS between 140-159 mmHg compared to BPS between 180 -above 209 mmHg, which lower treatment costs by -21.31$. Keywords: Diabetes, Hypertension, length of stay, cost of treatment, direct medical cost, indirect medical cost

A document by Amit Sharma. Click on the document to view its contents.